Župa

A župa (or zhupa, županija) is a historical type of administrative division in Southeast Europe and Central Europe, that originated in medieval South Slavic culture, commonly translated as "parish", later synonymous "kotar", commonly translated as "county".[1][2] It was mentioned for the first time in the eighth century. It was initially used by the South and West Slavs, denoting various territorial units of which the leader was the župan. In modern Serbo Croatian and Slovenian, the term župa also means an ecclesiastical parish, while term županija is used in Bosnia and Croatia (in Bosnia also kanton as synonymous) for lower state organizational units.[3]

For other uses, see Župa (disambiguation).

Etymology

The word župa or zhupa (Slovak and Czech: župa; Polish: żupa; Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian: жупа; adopted into Hungarian: ispán and rendered in Greek as ζουπανία (zoupania, "land ruled by a župan")), is derived from Slavic. Its medieval Latin equivalent was comitatus. It is mostly translated into "county" or "district".[4] According to Kmietowicz, it seems that the territorial organization had been created in Polish territories before the Slav Migrations.[5] Some Slavic nations changed its name into "opole", "okolina", "kraj" and "vierw", but it has survived in župan.[5] Some scholars consider the word's older meaning was "open area in the valley".[3] This interpretation is confirmed by the Bulgarian župa (tomb), Polish zupa and Ukrainian župa (salt mine), and Old Slavonic župište (tomb).[3] As such, the Proto-Slavic *župa wouldn't derive from *gheu-p- (with *gheu- meaning "bend, distort"),[3] yet from Indo-European *g(h)eup-/*gheub- meaning "cavity, pit",[6] which derives from Nostratic *gopa meaning "hollow, empty".[7] However, Albert Bruckner suggested the opposite evolution; župa as a back formation from title župan (for the etymology see corresponding article),[8] which is a borrowing from Iranian languages (*fsu-pāna, "shepherd").[9]

Usage

The division had a widespread distribution and did not always had a concrete institutional definition.[10] The term župa was at first the territorial and administrative unit of a tribe but was later only an administrative unit without tribal features.[11][12][3] The South Slavs that settled in Roman lands to a certain degree adopted Roman state organization, but retained their own tribal organization.[13] Slavic tribes were divided into fraternities, each including a certain number of families.[13] The territory inhabited by a tribe was a župa, and its leader was the župan.[13]

The zhupa (plural zhupi) was an administrative unit in the First Bulgarian Empire, a subdivision of a larger unit called comitatus. In these countries, the equivalent of "county" is "judet" (from Latin judicium). The Croats and the Slovaks used the terms županija and župa for the counties in the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary. German language translation of the word for those counties was komitat (from Latin comitatus, "countship") during the Middle Ages, but later it was gespanschaft (picking up the span root that previously came from župan).

Bosnia
Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages

Territorial-political organization in medieval Bosnia was intricate, and composed on several levels. In this scheme in the territorial-political organizational order of the medieval Bosnian state, župa was basic unit of the state organization, with feudal estate at the bottom, followed by village municipality, both below župa, and zemlja above it, with the state monarch at the top. During the 15th century, disappearance of the old organization based on župas is observed. It is obvious that at some point the Bosnian largest landowning barons no longer needed them in its old organizational capacity.[1]

Croatia
Main articles: Duchy of Croatia and Counties of Croatia

The Croatian word župa signifies both a secular unit (county) and a religious unit (parish), ruled over by a "župan" (count) and "župnik" (parish priest).[14]

Croatian medieval state was divided into eleven ζουπανίας (zoupanias; župas), and the ban ruled over additional three župas Krbava, Lika, and Gacka).[15]

Today the term županija is the name for the Croatian regional government, the counties of Croatia. Mayors of counties hold the title of župan (pl. župani), which is usually translated as "county prefect". In the 19th century, the counties of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia were called županija. The Croats preserved the term župa until the modern times as the name for local clerical units, parishes of the Catholic Church and of the Protestant churches. The parish priest is called župnik.

Hungary
Main article: Ispán

In c. 1074, the župa is mentioned in Hungary as -spán, also as határispánságok (march, frontier county). The derivative titles were ispán, nominated by the king for not defined time, and gradually replaced by főispán in the 18-19th century; megyésispán, also nominated by the king but could be expelled anytime; alispán was the leader of the jurisdiction in the county if the 'megyésispán' was not available; várispán was more linked to the "vár" (fortress) in Hungary in the times of Árpád.

Serbia
See also: Serbia in the Middle Ages

The Serbs in the Early Middle Ages were organized into župe, a confederation of village communities (roughly the equivalent of a county),[4] headed by a local župan (a magistrate or governor).[16] Thus the title of Grand Župan in Raška in 11th-12th century meant "supreme župan" of župans who ruled over župas.[12]

Dušan's Code (1349) named the administrative hierarchy as following: "land(s), city(ies), župa(s) and krajište(s)", the župa(s) and krajište(s) were one and the same, with the župa on the border were called krajište (frontier).[17] The župa consisted of villages, and their status, rights and obligations were regulated in the constitution. The ruling nobility possessed hereditary allodial estates, which were worked by dependent sebri, the equivalent of Greek paroikoi; peasants owing labour services, formally bound by decree.[18]

Though the territorial unit today is unused, there are a number of traditional župe in Kosovo, around Prizren: Sredačka Župa, Sirinićka Župa, Gora, Opolje and Prizrenski Podgor. The Serbian language maintains the word in toponyms, the best known being that of the Župa Aleksandrovačka.

Slovakia

The term župa was popularized in Slovak professional literature in the 19th century as a synonym to contemporary Slovak term stolica (county).[19] After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, it was used as the official name of administrative units of Slovakia within Czechoslovakia in 1919 – 1928 and then again in the Slovak Republic during WWII in 1940–1945.[20] Nowadays, the term is used semi-officially as a short alternative name for the self-governing regions of Slovakia.[21] The president of the self-governing region is semi-officially called župan.

Slovenia

In Slovenia, the mayor of a municipality has the title župan. The name also survived in the clerical context, as parishes are called župnija (dual: župniji, plural: župnije). Colloquial parishes are also called "fara" (dual: fari, plural: fare). A parish priest is called župnik (dual: župnika, plural: župniki) or sometimes duhovnik, but duhovnik is an inclusive catch-all term for practically all clerical roles in society.

During World War II, when Slovenia was partitioned between Italy, Hungary, and Germany on 17 April 1941, in the Italian portion, named province of Ljubljana, the new administration was led by an Italian High Commissioner, but there also were Presidents of the Council of Zhupans of Ljubljana: Marko Natlačen (1941), Leon Rupnik (1942-1943).

See also

Citations
  1. Anđelić 1982, pp. 9–24.
  2. Gluhak 1990, pp. 225, 227.
  3. Gluhak 1993, p. 713.
  4. Fine 1991, p. 304.
  5. Kmietowicz 1976, p. 185, footnote.
  6. Gluhak 1993, pp. 713–714.
  7. Gluhak 1993, p. 714.
  8. Alemany 2009, p. 7.
  9. Gluhak 1990, p. 228.
  10. Biliarsky 2011, p. 368.
  11. Vucinich 1975, p. 161.
  12. Gluhak 1990, p. 227.
  13. The Yugoslav village 1972, p. 39.
  14. Quintavalle 2007, p. 140.
  15. Živković 2012, p. 144.
  16. Evans 2007, p. xxi.
  17. Radovanović 2002, p. 5
  18. p. 290
  19. Terminology of public admin n.d.
  20. Acta Universitatis, p. 146.
  21. Piško 2009.

Sources
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  • Alemany, Agustí (2009). "From Central Asia to the Balkans: the title *ču(b)-pān". In Allison, Christine; Joisten-Pruschke, Anke; Wendtland, Antje (eds.). From Daēnā to Dîn: Religion, Kultur und Sprache in der iranischen Welt. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 3–12. ISBN 978-344705917-6.
  • Anđelić, Pavao (1982). Studije o teritorijalnopolitičkoj organizaciji srednjovjekovne Bosne [Studies on the territorial political organization of medieval Bosnia] (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Svjetlost, OOUR Izdavačka djelatnost. pp. 9–24.
  • Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Brill. p. 368. ISBN 978-900419145-7.
  • Brückner, Alexander (1908). "Über Etymologische Anarchie". Indogermanische Forschungen. 23: 206–219. doi:10.1515/if-1909-0118. S2CID 202507000.
  • Brugmann, Karl (1900). "Aksl. župa 'Bezirk'". Indogermanische Forschungen. 11: 111–112. doi:10.1515/9783110242539.111. S2CID 170500221.
  • Erdal, Marcel (1988). "The Turkic Nagy-Szent-Miklós inscription in Greek letters". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 42: 221–234.
  • Evans, Arthur (2007). Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot During the Insurrection, August and September 1875. Cosimo. ISBN 978-1-60206-270-2.
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  • Piško, Michal (3 October 2009). "Slovo župa je praslovanského pôvodu, aj tak ho nechceme" [The word county is of Proto-Slavic origin, we don't want it anyway]. SME (in Slovak). Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  • Quintavalle, Arturo Carlo (2007). Quintavalle, Arturo Carlo (ed.). Medioevo: la chiesa e il palazzo: atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Parma, 20-24 settembre 2005 [Middle Ages: the church and the palace: proceedings of the international study conference, Parma, 20-24 September 2005] (in Italian) (Illustrated ed.). Electa. p. 140.
  • Smiljanić, Franjo (2007), "O položaju i funkciji župana u hrvatskim srednjovjekovnim vrelima od 9. do 16. stoljeća" [About position and function of župan in Croatian historical sources from 9th until 16th century], Povijesni prilozi (in Croatian), 33 (33)
  • Štih, Peter (1995). "Novi pokušaji rješavanja problematike Hrvata u Karantaniji" [New attempts to resolve the problems of Croats in Karantania]. In Budak, Neven (ed.). Etnogeneza Hrvata [Ethnogenesis of Croats] (in Croatian). Matica hrvatska. ISBN 953-6014-45-9.
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