Communist Party of the Russian Federation

The CPRF was founded on 14 February 1993 at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists, where it declared itself to be the successor of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR).[17] It formed through the merger of successor groups to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), including Roy Medvedev's Socialist Party of the Working People (of left-socialist orientation), Alexei Prigarin's Union of Communists; and much of the membership of the Stalinist Russian Communist Workers Party (although party leader Viktor Anpilov rejected the new party).[18] The CPRF quickly became the largest party in Russia, with 500,000 members soon after its founding, more than double all the other parties membership combined.[19]

Gennady Zyuganov, a co-founder of the party along with senior former Soviet politicians Yegor Ligachev, Anatoly Lukyanov, Andrew Konstant and others, was elected to be party leader at the Second Extraordinary Congress.[4] Zyuganov had been a harsh critic of Alexander Yakovlev, the so-called "godfather of glasnost", on the CPSU Central Committee. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, he became active in the Russian "national-patriotic" movement,[20][21] being the chairman of the National Salvation Front (some authors call him a nationalist).[22]

Following the CPRF's success in the 1995 legislative election, it emerged as the primary opposition to incumbent President Boris Yeltsin for the 1996 presidential election, whose approval rating was in single digits.[23] In order to oppose Yeltsin, Zyuganov organised a "popular-patriotic bloc" of nationalist organisations to support his candidacy.[23] After the election—which Yeltsin won with 54% of the vote—on 7 August 1996 the coalition supporting Zyuganov was transformed into an official organisation, the People's Patriotic Union of Russia (NPSR), consisting of more than 30 left-wing and nationalist organisations, including the Russian All-People's Union, led by Sergey Baburin. Zyuganov was its chairman. It went on to support Zyuganov in the 2000 presidential election. The NPSR was meant to form the basis of a two-party system, with the NPSR opposing the ruling "party of power".[23]

The party suffered a sharp decline in the 2003 legislative election, going from 113 seats to 52. Zyuganov called the 2003 elections a "revolting spectacle" and accused the Kremlin of setting up a "Potemkin party", Rodina, to steal its votes. The CPRF was endorsed by Sergey Baburin's People's Union for the 2007 Russian parliamentary elections.[24]

In the 2012 presidential election, Zyuganov denounced election irregularities in the 2011 legislative election, but he also expressed his opposition to the organisers of the mass demonstrations of December 2011, which he viewed as orchestrated by ultra-liberals exploiting unrest. The party played only a minor role as a catalyst in the protests. Party rallies on 18 December 2011 in protest of election irregularities in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were attended by only a few thousand, mostly elderly, party supporters.[25]

In 2014, the party called for Russia to formally recognise the separatist Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, something that would happen in 2022 preceding Russia's special military operation.[26]

After Russia was sanctioned for systematic doping in the run-up to the 2018 Winter Olympics, Gennady Zyuganov, leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, proposed sending Russian fans to the Games with a Soviet Victory Banner.[27]

In 2021, the party's headquarters were raided by Russian authorities and a party official was barred from entering his office in the State Duma after it refused to accept the results of an online parliamentary election vote and attempting to file a lawsuit against the results.[28]

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the CPRF published a statement in support of the invasion and accused NATO of planning "to enslave Ukraine" and thus creating "critical threats to the security of Russia". It called for the "demilitarization and denazification" of Ukraine.[29] The party framed the conflict as that between the Ukrainian Banderites and fascists, who have been perpetrating genocide against Russian speakers, and liberating Russian forces.[30][31] The CPRF also accused the United States and NATO of deploying European fascist sympathizers and Middle Eastern terrorists to Ukraine to fight the Russian army.[32] Two members out of 57 of CPRF's Duma caucus, Vyacheslav Markhaev and Mikhail Matveev, have expressed opposition to the war, although they support the "protection of the people of Donbass".[33]

A few younger members of the CPRF spoke publicly against the war in Ukraine, although their criticisms only refer to Russia's military campaign outside of Donbass, while they fully support the narrative that Ukraine is governed by "neo-Nazis".[34]

As a result of the party's actions of endorsing the invasion of Ukraine, 55 of the 57 CPRF lawmakers, including Zyuganov, have been sanctioned by the United States Department of Treasury, HM Treasury of the United Kingdom, Global Affairs Canada, Japan, Australia and the European Commission.[35][36][37][38][39]

In July 2022, CPRF leader Gennady Zyuganov allowed the party to propose a merger with the left-conservative party A Just Russia — For Truth, but only if the new party adopted the communist program.[40] The day before, the leader of the A Just Russia Sergey Mironov said that he "does not see any obstacles to the creation in Russia of a large coalition of left-wing patriotic forces".[41]

XIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in 2008.

The party advocates for a socialist transformation of Russia through peaceful means and unlike orthodox communism, it recognizes political pluralism and private property. However, the CPRF also supports the state having a dominant role in society and prioritizes the group over the individual. The party supports state ownership over major industries, the renationalization of businesses privatized after the collapse of the Soviet Union, giving out subsidies to currently existing state-owned firms and maintaining large welfare benefits. Although the CPRF opposes the free market and more cooperation with western countries, they have also maintained stable relationships with many businesses.[15]

The CPRF's current programme was adapted in 2008, where the CPRF declared that it is the only political organisation that consistently upholds the rights of the workers and national interests. According to the programme, the strategic goal of the party is to build in Russia a "renewed socialism, Socialism of the 21st century".[42] The program of the Communist Party declared that the party is guided by Marxism–Leninism, based on the experience and achievements of domestic and world science and culture. According to the party, there comes a "confrontation between the New World Order and the Russian people with its thousand-year history, and with its qualities", "communality and great power, deep faith, undying altruism and decisive rejection of lures mercantile bourgeois liberal-democratic paradise".[43]

According to its program,[44] the CPRF considers it necessary to reform the country in three phases. In the first phase, it is needed to achieve workers' power through representation by a coalition led by the CPRF. Achieving this goal will help eliminate the devastation from the standpoint of the party, the consequences conducted in the past decade of reforms, in particular by the nationalisation of property privatised in the 1990s. However, in this case small producers will remain and moreover will be organised to protect them from robbery by "big business, bureaucrats, and mafia groups". It is planned to reform the management of enterprises through the creation of councils at various levels. The party also plans to transform Russia into a Soviet republic. In the second stage, the role of councils and trade unions will increase even more. A gradual transition in the economy will be made to a socialist form of economic activity, but a small private equity is still retained. Finally, the third phase is to build socialism.

The First Secretary Gennady Zyuganov also expressed that they should learn from China's successful example and build Russian socialism. He also encouraged all party members to read "Selected works of Deng Xiaoping". He said during his visit to China in 2008: "Had we learned from the success of China earlier, the Soviet Union would not have dissolved".[45][46]

Party programme

Communist protesters with a sign portraying an "order of dismissal" for Vladimir Putin for "betrayal of the national interests", Moscow, 1 May 2012.

Under the present conditions in the Russian Federation, the CPRF calls for the following proposals:[44]

• Stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, reconstruct the network of public kindergartens and provide housing for young families.
• Nationalise natural resources in Russia and the strategic sectors of the economy; revenues in these industries are to be used in the interests of all citizens.
• Return to Russia from foreign banks the state financial reserves and use them for economic and social development.
• Break the system of total fraud in the elections.
• Create a truly independent judiciary.
• Carry out an immediate package of measures to combat poverty and introduce price controls on essential goods.
• Not raise the retirement age.
• Restore government responsibility for housing and utilities, establish fees for municipal services in an amount not more than 10% of family income, stop the eviction of people to the streets and expand public housing.
• Increase funding for science and scientists to provide decent wages and all the necessary research.
• Restore the highest standards of universal and free secondary and higher education that existed during the Soviet era.
• Ensure the availability and quality of health care.
• Vigorously develop high-tech manufacturing.
• Ensure the food and environmental security of the country and support the large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products.
• Prioritise domestic debt over foreign debt
• Introduce progressive taxation; low-income citizens will be exempt from paying taxes.
• Create conditions for development of small and medium enterprises.
• Ensure the accessibility of cultural goods, stop the commercialisation of culture, defend Russian culture as the foundation of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national culture of all citizens of the country.
• Stop the slandering of the Russian and Soviet history.
• Take drastic measures to suppress corruption and crime.
• Strengthen national defense and expand social guarantees to servicemen and law enforcement officials.
• Ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad.
• Institute a foreign policy based on mutual respect of countries and peoples to facilitate the voluntary restoration of the Union of States.

The party is in favour of cooperation with the Russian Orthodox Church.[47] According to the words of Zyuganov, the CPRF is a party of scientific, but not militant atheism. Propaganda of any religion is banned inside the party.[48] The CPRF celebrates the rule of Joseph Stalin.[49] Zyuganov and the party support social conservatism and voted in favor of the ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors", commonly known as the Russian gay propaganda law.[50][51][52] During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the party has taken a pro-war stance. The party leader, Gennady Zyuganov, called in the Duma for a general mobilization.[53][54]

Communist Party rally on Manezhnaya Square, Moscow, 18 December 2011.

The CPRF is legally registered in Russia.[57] In organisational terms, it largely mirrors the CPSU, with the party being led by a Central Committee with a commitment to democratic centralism.[58] It has regional offices in 81 federal subjects. Each regional office is controlled by the local (oblast, city, etc.) committee, headed by the First Secretary. The headquarters of the party is in Moscow. The Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation is the youth organisation of the party.

The CPRF is strong in large cities and major industrial and scientific centers ("naukograds") as well as in the small towns and cities around Moscow.[67] One of the few polling stations that gave a success to the CPRF during the 2007 Russian legislative election was at Moscow State University.[68] The CPRF is also strong in the far east of Russia, in Siberia, and the Ural.[69] Supporters of the CPRF include those who suffered economically and politically from the collapse of the Soviet Union. The party is considered to depend on the nostalgia for the Soviet Union, having the largest poll of voters among the elderly.[15]

Parliamentary elections

Election	Leader	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Rank	Government
1993	Gennady Zyuganov	6,666,402	12.40	42 / 450		3rd	Opposition
1995		15,432,963	22.30	157 / 450	115	1st	Opposition (1995–1998)
							Coalition (1998–1999)
							Opposition (1999)
1999		16,196,024	24.29	113 / 450	44	1st	Opposition
2003		7,647,820	12.61	51 / 450	62	2nd	Opposition
2007		8,046,886	11.57	57 / 450	6	2nd	Opposition
2011		12,599,507	19.19	92 / 450	35	2nd	Opposition
2016		7,019,752	13.34	42 / 450	50	2nd	Opposition
2021		10,660,599	18.93	57 / 450	15	2nd	Opposition

Marxist theoretician Boris Kagarlitsky wrote in 2001: "It is enough to recall that within the Communist movement itself, Zyuganov's party was at first neither the sole organisation, nor the largest. Bit by bit, however, all other Communist organisations were forced out of political life. This occurred not because the organisations in question were weak, but because it was the CPRF that had received the Kremlin's official approval as the sole recognised opposition".[82] Andrei Brezhnev, grandson of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, has criticised the CPRF's Zyuganov's rapprochement with the Russian Orthodox Church.[83]

• 
  Zyuganov with members of the Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation
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  Demonstration of communists on the Red Square
• 
  Communists marching on International Workers' Day in 2009, Severodvinsk
• 
  The Communist Party holds a demonstration on Triumfalnaya Square in Moscow
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  Demonstration of the party
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  Party members lay down flowers at the tomb of Joseph Stalin
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  Party membership card

• MFK KPRF
• Chinese Communist Party
• Communist Party of Cuba
• Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• Communist Party USA
• Communist Party of Vietnam
• Lao People's Revolutionary Party
• Workers' Party of Korea

• Syed Mohsin Hashim (March 1999). KPRF ideology and its implications for democratization in Russia. Communist and Post-Communist Studies. Vol. 32. Iss. 1. pp. 77–89.
• Lisa Horner (23 January 2009). "Communism and the CPRF in Modern Russia" • The School of Russian and Asian Studies.
• Miriam Elder (14 October 2009) (updated 30 May 2010). "Communism: a love affair? The tyranny of daily bribes has many Russians nostalgic for Soviet social services" • The Global Post.
• Bozóki, András; Ishiyama, John T. (2020). The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-16140-3.

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