Palatal hook
The palatal hook (◌̡) is a type of hook diacritic formerly used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent palatalized consonants.[1] It is a small, leftwards-facing hook joined to the bottom-right side of a letter, and is distinguished from various other hooks indicating retroflexion, etc. It was withdrawn by the IPA in 1989, in favour of a superscript j following the consonant (i.e., ⟨ƫ⟩ becomes ⟨tʲ⟩).[1]
The IPA recommended that esh ⟨ʃ⟩ and ezh ⟨ʒ⟩) not use the palatal hook, but instead get special curled symbols: ⟨ʆ⟩ and ⟨ʓ⟩. However, versions with the hook have also been used and are supported by Unicode.
Palatal hooks are also used in Lithuanian dialectology by the Lithuanian Phonetic Transcription System (or Lithuanian Phonetic Alphabet)[2] and in the orthography of Nez Perce.
Computer encoding
Unicode includes both a combining character for the palatal hook, as well as several precomposed characters, including superscript letters with palatal hooks.
While LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK has been in Unicode since 1991, the rest were not added until 2005 or later. As such, font support for the latter characters is much less than for the former.
| Appearance | Code point | Name |
|---|---|---|
| ◌̡ | U+0321 | COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW |
| ᶀ | U+1D80 | LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| Ꞔ | U+A7C4 | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ꞔ | U+A794 | LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶁ | U+1D81 | LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼒 | U+1DF12 | LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶂ | U+1D82 | LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶃ | U+1D83 | LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ꞕ | U+A795 | LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶄ | U+1D84 | LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶅ | U+1D85 | LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶪ | U+1DAA | MODIFIER LETTER L WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼓 | U+1DF13 | LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT AND PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶆ | U+1D86 | LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶇ | U+1D87 | LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼔 | U+1DF14 | LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶈ | U+1D88 | LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶉ | U+1D89 | LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼕 | U+1DF15 | LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼖 | U+1DF16 | LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶊ | U+1D8A | LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶋ | U+1D8B | LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ƫ | U+01AB | LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶵ | U+1DB5 | MODIFIER LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼗 | U+1DF17 | LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶌ | U+1D8C | LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶍ | U+1D8D | LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| Ᶎ | U+A7C6 | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶎ | U+1D8E | LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼘 | U+1DF18 | LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek |
|
|---|---|
| In Early Cyrillic | |
| In Indic | |
| In other scripts | |
| Marks used as diacritics |
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| Non-diacritic uses | |
| In Unicode |
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See also:
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References
- Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 1999.
- Tumasonis, Vladas; Pentzlin, Karl (2011-05-24). "N4070: Second revised proposal to add characters used in Lithuanian dialectology to the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.