MP4 file format

MPEG-4 Part 14 or MP4 is a digital multimedia container format most commonly used to store video and audio, but it can also be used to store other data such as subtitles and still images. Like most modern container formats, it allows streaming over the Internet. The only filename extension for MPEG-4 Part 14 files as defined by the specification is .mp4. MPEG-4 Part 14 (formally ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003) is a standard specified as a part of MPEG-4.

"MP4" redirects here. For other uses, see MP4 (disambiguation).
MP-4 Part 14
MPEG-4 Part 14 extends over ISO Base Media File Format (MPEG-4 Part 12).[1]
Filename extension
.mp4, .m4a, .m4p, .m4b, .m4r and .m4v[Note 1]
Internet media type
video/mp4
audio/mp4
Type codempg4
Developed byInternational Organization for Standardization

International Electrotechnical Commission
Initial releaseOctober 2001 (2001-10)
Latest release
ISO/IEC 14496-14:2020
January 2020 (2020-01)
Type of formatContainer format
Container forAudio, video and text
Extended fromQuickTime File Format and MPEG-4 Part 12
StandardISO/IEC 14496-14
Open format?Yes
Free format?No[2]

Portable media players are sometimes advertised as "MP4 players", although some are simply MP3 players that also play AMV video or some other video format, and do not necessarily play the MPEG-4 Part 14 format.

History

MPEG-4 Part 14 is an instance of the more general ISO/IEC 14496-12:2004 (MPEG-4 Part 12: ISO base media file format) which is directly based upon the QuickTime File Format which was published in 2001.[3][4][5][6][7][8] MPEG-4 Part 14 is essentially identical to the QuickTime File Format, but formally specifies support for Initial Object Descriptors (IOD) and other MPEG features.[9] MPEG-4 Part 14 revises and completely replaces Clause 13 of ISO/IEC 14496-1 (MPEG-4 Part 1: Systems), in which the file format for MPEG-4 content was previously specified.[10]

The MPEG-4 file format, version 1 was published in 2001 as ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001, which is a revision of the MPEG-4 Part 1: Systems specification published in 1999 (ISO/IEC 14496-1:1999).[11][12][13] In 2003, the first version of the MP4 file format was revised and replaced by MPEG-4 Part 14: MP4 file format (ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003), commonly named as MPEG-4 file format version 2.[14][15] The MP4 file format was generalized into the ISO Base Media File format ISO/IEC 14496-12:2004, which defines a general structure for time-based media files. It in turn is used as the basis for other file formats in the family (for example MP4, 3GP, Motion JPEG 2000).[4][16][17]

MP4 file format versions
Version Release date Standard Description
MP4 file format version 1 2001 ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001 MPEG-4 Part 1 (Systems), First edition
MP4 file format version 2 2003 ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003 MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4 file format), Second edition

The MP4 file format defined some extensions over the ISO Base Media File Format to support MPEG-4 visual/audio codecs and various MPEG-4 Systems features such as object descriptors and scene descriptions. Some of these extensions are also used by other formats based on ISO base media file format (e.g. 3GP).[1] A list of all registered extensions for ISO Base Media File Format is published on the official registration authority website. The registration authority for code-points (identifier values) in "MP4 Family" files is Apple Inc. and it is named in Annex D (informative) in MPEG-4 Part 12.[16] Codec designers should register the codes they invent, but the registration is not mandatory[18] and some invented and used code-points are not registered.[19] When someone is creating a new specification derived from the ISO Base Media File Format, all the existing specifications should be used both as examples and a source of definitions and technology. If an existing specification already covers how a particular media type is stored in the file format (e.g. MPEG-4 audio or video in MP4), that definition should be used and a new one should not be invented.[16]

Filename extensions

While the only filename extension defined by the standard is .mp4, various filename extensions are commonly used to indicate intended content:

  • MPEG-4 files with audio and video generally use the standard .mp4 extension.
  • Audio-only MPEG-4 files generally have a .m4a extension. This is especially true of unprotected content.
    • MPEG-4 files with audio streams encrypted by FairPlay Digital Rights Management as were sold through the iTunes Store use the .m4p extension. iTunes Plus tracks, that the iTunes Store currently sells, are unencrypted and use .m4a accordingly.
    • Audiobook and podcast files, which also contain metadata including chapter markers, images, and hyperlinks, can use the extension .m4a, but more commonly use the .m4b extension.
    • The Apple iPhone uses MPEG-4 audio for its ringtones but uses the .m4r extension rather than the .m4a extension.
  • Raw MPEG-4 Visual bitstreams are named .m4v but this extension is also sometimes used for video in MP4 container format.[20]
  • Mobile phones use 3GP, an implementation of MPEG-4 Part 12 (a.k.a. MPEG-4/JPEG2000 ISO Base Media file format), similar to MP4. It uses .3gp and .3g2 extensions. These files also store non-MPEG-4 data (H.263, AMR, TX3G). In practice, most (if not all) low end phones and feature phones record in this format, as most (if not all) other mobile phones and smartphones record MP4 files using the .mp4 file extension, and some high end phones can record in .raw.

Data streams

Most kinds of data can be embedded in MPEG-4 Part 14 files through private streams. A separate hint track is used to include streaming information in the file. The registered codecs for MPEG-4 Part 12-based files are published on the website of MP4 Registration authority (mp4ra.org),[21] but most of them are not widely supported by MP4 players. The widely supported codecs and additional data streams are (but many more are also supported, including audio like flac or TrueHD):[22][23]

Other compression formats are less used: MPEG-2 and MPEG-1
Also MPEG-4 Part 3 audio objects, such as Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), Scalable Lossless Coding (SLS), MP3, MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (MP2), MPEG-1 Audio Layer I (MP1), CELP, HVXC (speech), TwinVQ, Text To Speech Interface (TTSI) and Structured Audio Orchestra Language (SAOL)
Other compression formats are less used: Apple Lossless, Free Lossless Audio Codec (added in late 2018), and Opus (added in late 2018) [24]
Nero Digital uses DVD Video subtitles in MP4 files

The so-called moov atom contains information about video resolution, frame rates, orientation, display characteristics, and more. It might be placed at the beginning or end of the file. In the latter case, the video file is not playable if the file is incomplete (truncated).[25][26][27][28]

Metadata

MP4 files can contain metadata as defined by the format standard, and in addition, can contain Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) metadata.

See also

References
  1. 3GPP2 (18 May 2007). "3GPP2 C.S0050-B Version 1.0, 3GPP2 File Formats for Multimedia Services" (PDF). Third Generation Partnership Project 2. pp. 67, 68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  2. MPEG-4 File Format, Version 2 (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  3. Apple Inc. (2001). "Classic Version of the QuickTime File Format Specification". Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  4. mp4ra.org - MP4 Registration authority. "References, MPEG-4 Registration authority". Retrieved 2018-08-29.
  5. "ISO Base Media File Format white paper - Proposal". Leonardo Chiariglione. International Organization for Standardization. April 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-07-14. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  6. "MPEG-4 File Formats white paper - Proposal". Leonardo Chiariglione. International Organization for Standardization. October 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  7. "ISO Base Media File Format white paper - Proposal". Leonardo Chiariglione. International Organization for Standardization. October 2009. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  8. Apple Computer. "MPEG-4 Fact Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-31.
  9. "RE: QT vs MPEG-4". Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  10. International Organization for Standardization (2003). "MPEG-4 Part 14: MP4 file format; ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003". Retrieved 2009-06-11.
  11. Library of Congress (2001). "MPEG-4 File Format, Version 1". Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  12. Y. Lim; D. Singer (2006). "MIME Type Registration for MPEG-4". RFC Editor. doi:10.17487/RFC4337. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  13. International Organization for Standardization (2001). "MPEG-4 Part 1: Systems; ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001". Retrieved 2009-06-11.
  14. Library of Congress (2003). "MPEG-4 File Format, Version 2". Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  15. "MPEG-4 Systems General Issues". chiariglione.org. July 2001. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  16. "ISO/IEC 14496-12:2008, Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 12: ISO base media file format". International Organization for Standardization. 2008. pp. 88, 94. Archived from the original (ZIP) on July 6, 2016. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
  17. International Organization for Standardization (2004). "MPEG-4 Part 12: ISO base media file format; ISO/IEC 14496-12:2004". Retrieved 2009-06-11.
  18. Greenberg, Steven (2009). "Registration of ftyp's". Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  19. Greenberg, Steven (2009). "Complete List of all known MP4 / QuickTime 'ftyp' designations". Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  20. Doom9's Forum, MP4 FAQ, Retrieved on 2009-07-15
  21. mp4ra.org - MP4 Registration authority, Registered Types - Codecs - ISO Code Points, Retrieved on 2009-07-14.
  22. Chapman, Nigel; Chapman, Jenny (2004). Digital multimedia (2. ed.). Chichester [u.a.]: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-85890-5.
  23. "The 'MP4' Registration Authority". mp4ra.org. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  24. "Encapsulation of Opus in ISO Base Media File Format". 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2019-01-05.
  25. JK (25 January 2013). "Das Moov Atom und wo es stehen sollte". JKdigital (in German).
  26. "Fehlerhaft kopierte MP4-Datei reparieren" (in German). preamp.org. November 2013.
  27. eZs3 media service (1 March 2011). "Checking Metadata or Moov Atom Location". www.ezs3.com. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  28. Levkov, Maxim. "Understanding the MPEG-4 movie atom | Adobe Developer Connection". www.adobe.com. Adobe Developer Network. Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
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