1-Tetralone

1-Tetralone is a bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and a ketone. In terms of its structure, it can also be regarded as benzo-fused cyclohexanone. It is a colorless oil with a faint odor.[5] It is used as starting material for agricultural and pharmaceutical agents. The carbon skeleton of 1-tetralone is found in natural products such as Aristelegone A (4,7-dimethyl-6-methoxy-1-tetralone) from the family of Aristolochiaceae used in traditional Chinese medicine.[6]

1-Tetralone
Structural formula of 1-tetralone
Ball-and-stick model of the 1-tetralone molecule
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3,4-Dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one
Other names
α-Tetralone; 1-Tetralone
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.692
EC Number
  • 208-460-6
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C10H10O/c11-10-7-3-5-8-4-1-2-6-9(8)10/h1-2,4,6H,3,5,7H2 ☒N
    Key: XHLHPRDBBAGVEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ☒N
  • InChI=1/C10H10O/c11-10-7-3-5-8-4-1-2-6-9(8)10/h1-2,4,6H,3,5,7H2
    Key: XHLHPRDBBAGVEG-UHFFFAOYAD
  • C1CC2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C1
Properties
C10H10O
Molar mass 146.189 g·mol−1
Appearance colorless liquid
Density 1.099 g·cm−3 (25 °C)[1]
Melting point 2–7 °C[1]
Boiling point 255–257 °C[2]
113–116 °C (8 hPa)[1]
insoluble[3]
Solubility soluble in organic solvents
Vapor pressure 2.7 Pa (20 °C)[3]
1.5672
Hazards
GHS labelling:[4]
GHS07: Exclamation mark
Warning
H302
P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)
Infobox references

Preparation

By oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene

As already described in 1933 by Heinrich Hock, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene tends to autoxidize and gradually forms the 1-hydroperoxide with atmospheric oxygen.[7] The heavy metal ion catalyzed air oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene with Cr3+[8] or Cu2+ in the liquid phase leads via the hydroperoxide to a mixture of the intermediate 1-tetralol and the final product 1-tetralone.[9]

Oxidation von Tetraloin zu 1-Tetralon
Oxidation von Tetraloin zu 1-Tetralon

The boiling points of the main component 1-tetralone (255-257 °C) and the minor component 1-tetralol (255 °C)[2] are virtually identical, the latter is therefore removed by a chemical reaction.[10]

By Friedel-Crafts reactions

The starting compound 4-phenylbutanoic acid is accessible from 3-benzoylpropanoic acid via catalytic hydrogenation, using a palladium contact catalyst.[5] 3-Benzoylpropanoic acid[11] itself can be obtained by a Haworth reaction (a variant of the Friedel-Crafts reaction) from benzene and succinic anhydride.

The intramolecular cyclization of 4-phenylbutanoic acid to 1-tetralone is catalyzed by polyphosphoric acid[5] and methanesulfonic acid.[12]

Cyclisierung von 4-Phenylbuttersäure zu 1-Tetralon
Cyclisierung von 4-Phenylbuttersäure zu 1-Tetralon

It has been described as a teaching experiment for chemistry lessons.[13] 4-Phenylbutanoic acid can also be quantitatively converted into 1-tetralone by heating in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as bismuth(III)bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide[14] [Bi(NTf2)3], which is relatively easily accessible.[15]

The use of the acid chloride and tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4) allows significantly shorter reaction times than the Friedel-Crafts acylation with 4-phenylbutanoic acid.[10]

Synthese von 1-Tetralon über 4-Phenylbuttersäurechlorid
Synthese von 1-Tetralon über 4-Phenylbuttersäurechlorid

4-Phenylbutanoic acid chlorides with electron-donating groups can be cyclized to 1-tetralones under mild reaction conditions in yields greater than 90% using the strong hydrogen-bonding solvent hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP).[16]

The AlCl3-catalyzed acylation of benzene with γ-butyrolactone produces 1-tetralone.[10]

Synthesis of 1-tetralone using butyrolactone.
Synthesis of 1-tetralone using butyrolactone.

Reactions

1-Tetralone can be reduced via a Birch reduction with lithium in liquid ammonia to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene.[17] The keto group can also be reduced to a secondary alcohol giving 1-tetralol, when a modified process is applied, using the addition of aqueous ammonium chloride solution after evaporation of the ammonia.[18]

Reaktionen von 1-Tetralon mit Li in Ammoniak
Reaktionen von 1-Tetralon mit Li in Ammoniak

With calcium in liquid ammonia, 1-tetralone is reduced to 1-tetralol at -33 °C in 81% yield.[19]

The methylene group in α-position to the keto group is particularly reactive and can be converted with formaldehyde (in the form of the trimeric trioxane) to 2-methylene-1-tetralone in the presence of the trifluoroacetic acid salt of N-methylaniline with yields up to 91% .

Synthese von 2-Methylen-1-tetralon aus 1-Tetralon
Synthese von 2-Methylen-1-tetralon aus 1-Tetralon

The 2-methylene ketone is stable at temperatures below -5 °C, but fully polymerizes at room temperature within 12 hours.[20]

In the Pfitzinger reaction of 1-tetralone with isatin, a compound called tetrofan (3,4-dihydro-1,2-benzacridine-5-carboxylic acid) is formed.

Synthese von Tetrophan
Synthese von Tetrophan

The reactivity of the α-methylene group is also exploited in the reaction of 1-tetralone with methanol at 270-290 °C, which produces via dehydrogenation and formation of the aromatic naphthalene ring system 2-methyl-1-naphthol in 66% yield.[21]

Synthese von 2-Methyl-1-naphthol
Synthese von 2-Methyl-1-naphthol

The oxime of 1-tetralone reacts with acetic anhydride leading to aromatization of the cycloalkanone ring. The resulting N-(1-naphthyl)acetamide[22] has biological properties akin to those of 2-(1-Naphthyl)acetic acid as a synthetic auxin.

Synthese von N-(1-Naphthyl)acetamid
Synthese von N-(1-Naphthyl)acetamid

The tertiary alcohol formed in the Grignard reaction of 1-tetralone with phenylmagnesium bromide reacts with acetic anhydride upon elimination of water to 1-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene, which is dehydrated with elemental sulfur in an overall yield of about 45% to 1-phenylnaphthalene.[23]

Synthese von 1-Phenylnaphthalin aus 1-Tetralon
Synthese von 1-Phenylnaphthalin aus 1-Tetralon

The ruthenium(II)-catalyzed arylation of 1-tetralone using phenyl boronic acid neopentyl glycol ester gives 8-phenyl-1-tetralone in up to 86% yield.[24]

Synthese von 8-Phenyl-1-tetralon aus 1-Tetralon
Synthese von 8-Phenyl-1-tetralon aus 1-Tetralon

With 5-aminotetrazole and an aromatic aldehyde, 1-tetralone reacts in a multi-component reaction under microwave irradiation to form a four-membered heterocyclic ring system.[25]

Multikomponentenreaktion von 1-Tetralon mit Aminotetrazol und aromatischem Aldehyd
Multikomponentenreaktion von 1-Tetralon mit Aminotetrazol und aromatischem Aldehyd

Applications

By far the most important application of 1-tetralone is in the synthesis of 1-naphthol by aromatization, e.g. upon contact with platinum catalysts at 200 to 450 °C.[26]

Synthese von 1-Naphthol aus 1-Tetralon
Synthese von 1-Naphthol aus 1-Tetralon

1-Naphthol is the starting material for the insecticides carbaryl and the beta-blockers propranolol.

Safety

Toxicological studies were dermally performed with rabbits, with an LD50 of 2192 mg·kg−1 body weight being observed.[1]

References
  1. Sigma-Aldrich Co., α-Tetralon. Retrieved on 25. November 2017.
  2. William M. Haynes (2016), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 97th Edition, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A.: CRC Press, pp. 3–504, ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3
  3. "alpha-Tetralone 529-34-0 | TCI Deutschland GmbH". www.tcichemicals.com (in German). Retrieved 2017-12-17.
  4. "1-Tetralone". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  5. H.R. Snyder, F.X. Werber (1940). "α-Tetralone". Org. Synth. 20: 94. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.020.0094.
  6. P.-C. Kuo; Y.-C. Li; T.-S. Wu (2012), "Chemical constituents and pharmacology of the Aristolochia species", EJTCM, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 249–266, doi:10.1016/S2225-4110(16)30111-0, PMC 3942903, PMID 24716140
  7. H. Hock; W. Susemihl (1933), "Autoxydation von Kohlenwasserstoffen: Über ein durch Autoxydation erhaltenes Tetrahydro-naphthalin-peroxyd (I. Mitteil.)", Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. (in German), vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 61–68, doi:10.1002/cber.19330660113
  8. S. Bhattacharjee; Y.-R. Lee; W.-S. Ahn (2017), "Oxidation of tetraline to 1-tetralone over CrAPO-5", Korean J. Chem. Eng. (in German), vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 701–705, doi:10.1007/s11814-016-0310-4
  9. US 4473711, R.W. Coon, "Liquid-phase process for oxidation of tetralin", published 1984-09-25, assigned to Union Carbide Corp.
  10. C.E. Olson, A.R. Bader (1955). "α-Tetralone". Org. Synth. 35: 95. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.035.0095.
  11. L. F. Somerville, C. F. H. Allen (1933). "β-Benzoylpropionic acid". Org. Synth. 13: 12. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.013.0012.
  12. V. Premasagar; V.A. Palaniswamy; E.J. Eisenbraun (1981), "Methanesulfonic acid catalyzed cyclization of 3-arylpropanoic and 4-arylbutanoic acids to 1-indanones and 1-tetralones", J. Org. Chem., vol. 46, no. 14, pp. 2974–2976, doi:10.1021/jo00325a028
  13. M.S. Holden; R.D. Crouch; K.A. Barker (2005), "Formation of α-tetralone by intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation", J. Chem. Educ., vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 934–935, doi:10.1021/ed082p934
  14. S. Antoniotti; E. Dunach (2008), "Facile preparation of metallic triflates and triflimidates by oxidative dissolution of metal powders", Chem. Commun., vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 993–995, doi:10.1039/B717689A
  15. D.-M. Cui; M. Kawamura; S. Shimada; T. Hayashi; M. Tanaka (2003), "Synthesis of 1-tetralones by intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction of 4-arylbutyric acids using Lewis acid catalysts", Tetrahedron Lett., vol. 44, no. 21, pp. 4007–4010, doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(03)00855-4
  16. H. Motiwala; R.H. Vekariya; J. Aubé (2015), "Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction promoted by 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol", Org. Lett. (in German), vol. 17, no. 21, pp. 5484–5487, doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02851, PMID 26496158
  17. S.S. Hall; S.D. Lipsky; F.J. McEnroe; A.P. Bartels (1971), "Lithium-ammonia Reduction of Aromatic Ketones to Aromatic Hydrocarbons", J. Org. Chem., vol. 38, no. 18, pp. 2588–2591, doi:10.1021/jo00817a004
  18. Z. Marcinow; P.W. Rabideau (1988), "Metal-Ammonia Reduction of α-Tetralone. Competition Between Ring Reduction, Carbonyl Reduction, and Dimer Formation", J. Org. Chem., vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 2117–2119, doi:10.1021/jo00244a054
  19. J.R. Hwu; Y.S. Wein; Y.-J. Leu (1996), "Calcium metal in liquid ammonia for selective reduction of organic compounds", J. Org. Chem. (in German), vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1493–1499, doi:10.1021/jo951219c
  20. "Methylene ketones and aldehydes by simple, direct methylene transfer: 2-Methylene-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene". Organic Syntheses. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.060.0088.
  21. I. Yuranov; L. Kiwi-Minsker; A. Renken (2002), "One-step vapour-phase synthesis of 2-methyl-1-naphthol from 1-tetralone", Appl. Catal. A (in German), vol. 226, no. 1–2, pp. 193–198, doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00902-4
  22. M.S. Newman; W.M. Hung (1973), "An improved aromatization of α-tetralone oximes to N-(1-naphthyl)acetamides", J. Org. Chem. (in German), vol. 38, no. 23, pp. 4073–4074, doi:10.1021/jo00987a029
  23. "1-Phenylnaphthalene". Organic Syntheses. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.024.0084.
  24. "Ruthenium-catalyzed arylation of ortho C-H bond in an aromatic with an arylboronate: 8-Phenyl-1-tetralone". Organic Syntheses. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.087.0209.
  25. G.P. Kantin; M. Krasavin (2016), "Reaction of α-tetralone, 1H-tetrazol-5-amine, and aromatic aldehydes upon microwave irradiation – a convenient method for the synthesis of 5,6,7,12-tetrahydrobenzo[h]tetrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolines", Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. (in German), vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 918–922, doi:10.1007/s10593-017-1985-0
  26. DE 2421745, K. Kudo, T. Ohmae, A. Uno, "Verfahren zur Herstellung von α-Naphthol durch katalytische Dehydrierung von α-Tetralon", published 1975-11-20, assigned to Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
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