127th Operations Group

The group was first organized at Richmond Army Air Base, Virginia on 10 February 1943. Its components were the 374th, 375th, and 376th Fighter Squadrons.[3][4][5] The group was equipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts and trained for combat at bases in Virginia, Maryland and New Jersey.[2] On 12 November 1943, the group moved to Camp Shanks, New York for shipment overseas. It sailed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth for the European Theater of Operations on 23 November.[6]

Group Republic P-47D Thunderbolt[note 4]

The group arrived at the Firth of Clyde on 29 November and moved to RAF Bottisham, England the following day. It would be the last P-47 Thunderbolt group to join Eighth Air Force. The 361st flew its first combat mission with its P-47 aircraft on 21 January 1944. The weight of the heavy P-47 fighters soon began to tell on the wet surface making take-offs tricky. A team of American engineers were called in during January 1944 and, in three days, they constructed a 4410 foot long runway with pierced steel planking (PSP). This feat was considered a record for laying this type of prefabricated surfacing. The runway, which was aligned NE-SW, became the main at Bottisham the other also being constructed of PSP. However, the group converted to North American P-51 Mustangs in May 1944 and flew them for the remainder of the war.[2][6]

The unit served primarily as an escort organization, covering the penetration, attack, and withdrawal of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber formations that the Army Air Forces sent against targets on the Continent. The group also engaged in counter-air patrols, fighter sweeps, and strafing and dive bombing missions. Attacked such targets as airdromes, marshaling yards, industrial areas, ordnance depots, oil refineries, trains, and highways. It participated in Operation Crossbow, the attacks on German missile launch sites.[2]

During its operations, the unit participated in the assault against the German Air Force and aircraft industry during the Big Week, 20–25 February 1944, and the attack on transportation facilities prior to D-Day and support of the invasion forces thereafter, including Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo, in July. In September 1944, the 361st moved to RAF Little Walden.[2]

Group P-51D Mustang[note 5]

From its new base, the group supported Operation Market-Garden, the airborne attack on Rhine River crossings in the Netherlands in September 1944. In December 1944, the group deployed a detachment to France to support ground troops in the Battle of the Bulge. The detachment remained until January 1945. In February, the entire group deployed to Chievres Airfield, Belgium, flying tactical ground support missions during Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine in Germany and remained unitil April.[2]

The unit returned to RAF Little Walden and flew its last combat mission on 20 April 1945. Following V-E Day, many personnel were transferred from the unit, and in September and October, the group's aircraft were transferred to depots. The group's remaining personnel sailed from Southampton on the RMS Queen Mary on 4 November. On 9 November the 361st arrived at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey and was inactivated the following day.[2][6]

In May 1946, the group was allotted to the National Guard and redesignated as the 127th Fighter Group.[2] Two months later, the State of Michigan activated it at Wayne County Airport, near Detroit, and it received federal recognition in September. Its initial component was the 107th Bombardment Squadron, which had been an element of the Michigan Guard since 1926, except for periods when it was mobilized. By 1947, the group had added two of its World War II squadrons, the 374th (now the 171st) and 375th (now the 172nd) Fighter Squadrons. Although the 107th and 171st Squadrons were stationed with the group, the 172nd was at Kellogg Field, Michigan. The 172nd formed an acrobatic team, called the "Michigan Acro-Guards" and flew their F-51 Mustangs in aerial demonstrations.[7]

Michigan ANG RF-84F[note 6]

In the fall of 1950, the Air National Guard reorganized under the Wing Base Organization and the group was assigned to the new 127th Fighter Wing, which has remained as its higher headquarters under various designations since then. In February 1951, the wing and group were called to active duty. Unlike other National Guard wings called to active duty for the Korean War, however, the 127th became part of Air Training Command and moved to Luke Air Force Base, Arizona,[8] along with its 107th and 171st Squadrons,[7][note 7] becoming the 127th Pilot Training Group.[2] Seventeen members of the 172nd Squadron had volunteered for duty overseas as members of the regular Air Force the previous month.[7] The 197th Pilot Training Squadron of the Arizona Air National Guard, which was already at Luke, became the group's third squadron. The 197th was equipped with Republic F-84 Thunderjets.[7] The group trained fighter pilots with North American F-51 Mustangs, Lockheed F-80 Shooting Stars and F-84 Thunderjets.

F-100 assigned to the group[note 8]

The 127th was inactivated in November 1952 and returned to the Michigan Guard as the 127th Fighter-Bomber Group,[2] with the 107th and 171st Squadrons assigned. Its equipment, mission, and most of its personnel at Luke were transferred to the newly formed 3600th Flying Training Group.[9] Despite its designation, it focused on the air defense mission. This was recognized in 1955, when the unit became the 127th Fighter-Interceptor Group. When it became the 127th Fighter Group (Air Defense) in April 1956, only the 107th Squadron remained with the group.

In 1958, its mission changed to aerial reconnaissance and it became the 127th Tactical Reconnaissance Group. The 171st Squadron returned to the group, along with the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron of the Kansas Air National Guard. In 1962, to facilitate mobilization of elements smaller than an entire wing, the 117th and 171st Squadrons were assigned to newly organized groups.[note 9] In 1970, the group made the short move to Selfridge Air Force Base. It returned to the fighter mission in 1972, but was inactivated in December 1974, when the Air National Guard eliminated group headquarters that were located on the same base as their parent wings.

As the Air Force implemented the Objective Wing organization in the 1990s, the group was again activated as the 127th Operations Group.

• 107th Bombardment Squadron (later 107th Fighter Squadron, 107th Pilot Training Squadron, 107th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 107th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 107th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 107th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 107th Fighter Squadron), 9 July 1946 – 26 November 1946, 1 July 1950 – 11 September 1952,[7] 1 November 192 – 9 December 1975. c. 1 January 1993 – present
• 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, c. December 1958 – 1 October 1962
• 127th Operations Support Squadron, c. 1 January 1993 – present
• 169th Fighter Squadron, c. June 1947 – 1 June 1949
• 197th Pilot Training Squadron, February 1951 – 1 November 1952[7]
• 374th Fighter Squadron (later 171st Fighter Squadron, 171st Pilot Training Squadron, 171st Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 171st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 171st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 171st Airlift Squadron), 10 February 1943 – 24 October 1945,[3] 13 December 1946 – 1 November 1952, 1 November 1952 – 16 April 1956, c. 1 January 1958 – 1 October 1962, 1 April 1996 – 1 May 1999
• 375th Fighter Squadron (later 172nd Fighter Squadron), 10 February 1943 – 24 October 1945[4] 29 August 1947 – c. 10 February 1951
• 376th Fighter Squadron, 10 February 1943 – 24 October 1945[5]

• Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, 1943-1944[2]
• North American P-51 (later F-51) Mustang, 1944-1945,[2] 1946-1952[7]
• Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star, 1951-1952
• Republic F-84 Thunderjet, 1951-1952[7]
• Republic RF-84F Thunderflash,[6] 1958-1972
• North American F-100 Super Sabre, 1972-1974

Explanatory notes

Citations

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency.

• Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
• Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946-1994 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
• Johnson, 1st Lt. David C. (1988). U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO) D-Day to V-E Day (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II. Vol. II (VIII) Fighter Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-2535-3.

Further reading

• Cora, Paul B. Yellowjackets! The 361st Fighter Group in World War II P-51 Mustangs over Germany. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7643-1466-1.
• Freeman, Roger A. (1978). Airfields of the Eighth: Then and Now. Harlow, England: After the Battle. ISBN 0-900913-09-6.
• Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth The Colour Record. Cassell & Co., 1991 ISBN 0-304-35708-1.
• Gotts, Steve. Little Friends: A Pictorial History of the 361st Fighter Group in WW II. Dallas, Texas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1993.