12th Armored Division (United States)

The 12th was originally organized as a heavy armored division with two armored regiments, the 43rd and 44th, and one armored infantry regiment, the 56th Armored Infantry Regiment.[11][12] In 1943, it was reorganized from a heavy division to a light division as part of a general streamlining of all armored divisions, except the 2nd Armored Division and the 3rd Armored Division.[13][14]

The original 43rd and 44th Armored Regiments assigned to the 12th AD were re-designated to become the 23rd, 43rd, 44th, 714th and 779th Tank Battalions during the reorganization the division underwent while at the Tennessee Maneuver Area in Watertown, Tennessee, in November 1943.[11] The 714th Tank Battalion was sent to Fort Jackson, SC and the 779th Tank Battalion went to Fort Knox, KY as separate tank battalions. The 44th Tank Battalion was detached from the 12th AD and sent to the Pacific Theater of Operations, where it distinguished itself as the first tank battalion to enter the city of Manila and liberated American and Allied civilian prisoners interred in the Santo Tomas Internment Camp.[15] It was replaced by the 714th Tank Battalion, which rejoined the 12th AD in November 1943. The 779th Tank Battalion was sent to the Philippines late in the war, but did not see any combat action.[13]

The 56th Armored Infantry Regiment (AIR) traced its historical origin back to the 17th Infantry Regiment of Maj. Gen. George Sykes' 2nd Division of the 5th Army Corps, of the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. During World War I, soldiers from the reconstituted 17th Infantry Regiment were used to form the 56th Infantry Regiment on 15 May 1917, which was involved in the battle around Metz in Alsace-Lorraine. On 7 July 1942, the unit was reactivated as the 56th Armored Infantry Regiment and assigned to the 12th Armored Division, which was activated as a division at Camp Campbell, KY on 15 September 1942. On 11 November 1943 while at Watertown, Tennessee, the 12th Armored Division was reorganized and the 56th Armored Infantry Regiment was reorganized to form the 17th, 56th and 66th Armored Infantry Battalions (AIB). The 1st Battalion of the 56th AIR became the 66th AIB and the 2nd Battalion of the 56th AIR became the 17th AIB of the 12th Armored Division. The 3rd Battalion of the 56th AIR became the 56th AIB. Companies G, H and I of the 56th AIR became Companies A, B and C of the 56th AIB.[11] [lower-alpha 3]

Ironically, when reconstituted as the 56th Armored Infantry Battalion during World War II, they were back in Alsace-Lorraine, fighting with the 12th Armored Division to liberate the same region of France from Nazi occupation in 1944-1945.

Campaign map showing the operations of the 12th Armored Division in Europe from 5 December 1944 to 5 May 1945

After completing training the division left Abilene and departed from Camp Shanks, New York, for the European Theater of Operations on 20 September 1944. It landed at Liverpool, England on 2 October 1944. While awaiting replacement armor which had been borrowed by the U.S. Third Army, the 12th was sent to Tidworth Barracks[16] in Wiltshire, UK. It crossed the English Channel from Southampton, arrived at Le Havre, France, on 11 November 1944 and then traveled up the Seine River to Rouen to join the Seventh Army under Lieutenant General Alexander Patch. Advance elements met the enemy near Weisslingen in Alsace on 5 December, and the entire division moved against the Maginot Line fortifications two days later.[17]

In its advance, Rohrbach-lès-Bitche and towns surrounding Bettviller were liberated by 12 December 1944, and Utweiler, Germany was seized on 21 December. After a short period of rehabilitation and maintenance, the 12th rolled against the Rhine bridgehead at Herrlisheim that the Germans had established as part of their Operation Nordwind offensive. In order to seal the Battle of the Bulge, units of the Seventh Army were diverted north to assist the Third Army in capturing Bastogne. Due to this, the remainder of the Seventh Army, including the 12th Armored Division, was stretched thin holding a 126 miles (203 km) long front line with only eight divisions.[18]

German defenders repulsed two division attacks in the most violent combat in the history of the division, during 8 to 10 January and 16 to 17 January 1945. The division's attacks at Herrlisheim failed to use combined-arms tactics and were defeated in detail, resulting in two tank and two armored infantry battalions taking heavy losses. Poor tactics were compounded by terrain that was almost tabletop-flat, offering the German defenders excellent fields of fire. However, enemy counterattacks also failed, in part because of the firm leadership of the commander of Combat Command B, Colonel Charles Bromley, who declared his headquarters expendable and ordered all personnel in the headquarters to prepare a hasty defense.[lower-alpha 4][18]

The division was subsequently relieved by the U.S. 36th Infantry Division. The 12th Armored Division suffered over 1,700 battle casualties during the fighting in and around Herrlisheim. As a consequence, when African-American soldiers who were in non-combat positions were able to volunteer to become combat troops, Major General Roderick R. Allen was one of only ten division commanders who allowed them to join the combat ranks.[3] After recovering from the bruising experience at Herrlisheim, the 12th went over to the offensive and attacked south from Colmar, after being assigned to the French First Army under General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny.[19][20] In a lightning drive, the 12th effected junction with French forces at Rouffach, on 5 February, sealing the Colmar Pocket and ending German resistance in the Vosges Mountains. Except for elements acting as a protective screen, the division withdrew to the St. Avold area for rest and rehabilitation. The division was attached to the Third Army under General George S. Patton Jr. from 17 March 1945 through its crossing of the Rhine on 28 March.[16] The soldiers were ordered to remove their identifying unit insignias, and vehicle markings were painted over,[21] disguising the fact that Patton had an additional armored division under his command. Thus the 12th was given the nickname the "Mystery Division".[2] The attack resumed on 18 March 1945.

A light tank of the 12th Armored Division in Rouffach, 5 Feb. 1945

Bailey bridge built over bombed out bridge at base of Marienberg Fortress in Würzburg by the 119th Armored Engineer Battalion of the U.S 12th Armored Division, April 1945

Fortress Marienberg,14 June 2003

In a quick drive to the Rhine, Ludwigshafen fell on 21 March, and two other important river cities, Speyer and Germersheim, were secured on 24 March, clearing the Saar Palatinate. Maintaining the rapid pace, the 12th crossed the Rhine River at Worms on 28 March over pontoon bridges, advanced toward Würzburg, and captured that city along with elements of the famed 42nd Infantry Division (United States).[22][23] After assisting in the seizure of Schweinfurt, the division continued toward Nuremberg on 13 April, taking Neustadt, then shifted south toward Munich on 17 April. Elements of the 12th raced from Dinkelsbühl to the Danube, where they found the bridge at Lauingen had been blown.[24] Moving quickly they captured the bridge at Dillingen intact before demolition men could destroy it. This bridge provided a vital artery for Allied troops flooding into southern Bavaria.[25]

The division spearheaded the Seventh Army drive, securing Landsberg, on 27 April and clearing the area between the Ammer and Würm Lakes by 30 April. The 12th Armored Division is recognized as a liberating unit[26] of the Landsberg concentration camps near the Landsberg Prison, sub-camps of Dachau concentration camp on 27 April 1945. On 29 April 1945, the 12th AD liberated Oflag VII-A Murnau, a German Army POW camp for Polish Army officers interned north of the Bavarian town of Murnau am Staffelsee during World War II. [lower-alpha 5][27]

Elements crossed the Inn River and the Austrian border at Kufstein on 3 May.[1] The 12th Armored Division was relieved by the 36th Infantry Division on 4 May. On 5 May, Lieutenant (later Captain) John C. Lee Jr., Co. B, 23rd Tank Battalion, organized the rescue of VIP French prisoners from an Alpine castle in Tyrol during the Battle for Castle Itter.[28] Under Lee's command were members of the German Wehrmacht, who combined forces with 2 tanks from the 12th to fight the SS Commander and soldiers guarding the prisoners. For leading the successful rescue of these prisoners, Lee was promoted to captain and awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.[29]

The 12th Armored Division engaged in security duty around Ulm[21] until 22 November 1945, when it left Marseille, France, for home. Some members of the 12th attended the US Army University, in either Biarritz, France or Shrivenham, England during this time.[21][30]

It was deactivated on 3 December 1945, and on 17 December 1945, its battle flags were turned in at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.[31]

12th AD soldier with German prisoners of war, April 1945. United States National Archives, Group 208 of the Records of the Office of War Information 1926 – 1951, National Archives Identifier: 535840[32]

During its deployment the 12th Armored Division captured 72,243 enemy prisoners of war.[16] Among them were Adolf Eichmann[33] and Wernher von Braun.[34]

Nearly 8,500 Allied POWs, including 1,500 Americans, and an additional 20,000 non-military prisoners, were liberated by the 12th AD.[35]

During the liberation of Lippach on 22 April 1945, the 23rd Tank Battalion, 3rd Provisional company executed prisoners of war and raped over a dozen women in the village. see: Lippach massacre.

Total 12th Armored Division complement: 10,937 at end of 1944;[36] 17,000 assigned to the division between activation and deactivation[37]

• Total battle casualties: 3,527[38]
• Killed in action: 616[38]
• Wounded in action: 2,416[38]
• Missing in action: 17[38]
• Prisoner of war: 478[38]

The division was composed of the following units:[39]

• Headquarters Company
• Combat Command A
• Combat Command B
• Reserve Command
• 23rd Tank Battalion
• 43rd Tank Battalion
• 44th Tank Battalion - detached and sent to the Pacific, replaced by the 714th Tank Battalion
• 714th Tank Battalion - detached from the division to be a separate tank battalion and later returned to replace the detached 44th Tank Battalion
• 17th Armored Infantry Battalion
• 56th Armored Infantry Battalion
• 66th Armored Infantry Battalion
• 92nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
• 119th Armored Engineer Battalion
• 12th Armored Division Artillery
  • 493nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion
  • 494th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
  • 495th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
• 12th Armored Division Trains
  • 152nd Armored Signal Company
  • 134th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
  • 82nd Armored Medical Battalion
  • Military Police Platoon
  • Band

City of Colmar Coat of Arms

• Campaigns: Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe.
• Days of combat: 102
• Distinguished Unit Citations: 1 - 92nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized[40]
• Meritorious Unit Citation: 3, to the 134th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion (with a star in addition); 82d Armored Medical Battalion; and 152d Armored Signal Company[1][41]
• Division authorized by France to incorporate Arms of the City of Colmar in its division insignia for action in liberating the city.[1][42]

Individual awards:

• Medal of Honor: 1 - Edward A. Carter Jr.
• Distinguished Service Cross: 6
• Silver Star: 198
• Legion of Merit: 4
• Distinguished Flying Cross: 3
• Soldier's Medal: 12
• Bronze Star Medal: 1,199 (does not include Bronze Stars issued to awardees of Combat Infantry Badges or Combat Medical Badges)
• Air Medal: 50

[16]

• Major General Carlos Brewer (September 1942 – August 1944)
• Major General Douglass T. Greene (August–September 1944)
• Major General Roderick R. Allen (September 1944 – July 1945)
• Brigadier General Willard Ames Holbrook Jr. (July 1945 to inactivation)

[17]

• 13 November 1944: Ninth Army, Twelfth Army Group
• 5 December 1944: XV Corps, Seventh Army, Sixth Army Group.
• 27 December 1944: XXI Corps.
• 30 December 1944: Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
• 3 January 1945: XV Corps.
• 6 January 1945: VI Corps.
• 3 February 1945: XXI Corps.
• 11 February 1945: XV Corps.
• 28 February 1945: XXI Corps.
• 17 March 1945: Seventh Army, 6th Army Group, but attached to the XX Corps, Third Army, Twelfth Army Group.
• 24 March 1945: XXI Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
• 26 March 1945: XV Corps.
• 31 March 1945: XXI Corps.
• 4 May 1945: Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.

[16]

Date Assigned to Corps Assigned to Army Attached to Army Assigned to Army Group Attached to Army Group

• 07.10.1944 UK Base ETOUSA
• 13.11.1944 Ninth Army 12th Army Group
• 05.12.1944 XV Operations Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 27.12.1944 XXI Operations Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 30.12.1944 Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 03.01.1945 XV Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 06.01.1945 VI Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 03.02.1945 XXI Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 11.02.1945 XV Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 28.02.1945 XXI Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 17.03.1945 XX Operations Third Army,6th Army Gp 12th Army Group
• 24.03.1945 XXI Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 26.03.1945 XV Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 31.03.1945 XXI Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
• 04.05.1945 Seventh Army 6th Army Group

[16]

[16]

• 572nd Anti-aircraft Artillery (AAA) AW (automatic weapons) Battalion (SP) (self-propelled) 04.12.1944-18.05.1945
• CC V, 2nd French Armored Division 30.04.1945-04.05.1945
• 101st Cavalry Group 08.04.1945-04.05.1945
• 42nd Reconnaissance Troop, 42nd Infantry Division 13.04.1945-14.04.1945
• 99th Chemical Mortar Battalion, A Company, 07.03.1945-08.03.1945
• 206th Engineer Combat Battalion 18.03.1945-20.03.1945
• 256th Engineer Combat Battalion 14.04.1945-21.04.1945
• 290th Engineer Combat Battalion 21.04.1945-04.05.1945
• 204th Field Artillery Group 18.03.1945-22.03.1945
• 342nd Field Artillery Battalion 28.03.1945-04.05.1945
• 933rd Field Artillery Battalion (155mm Howitzer) 31.03.1945-19.04.1945
• 36th Field Artillery Group, Headquarters 01.04.1945-19.04.1945
• 937th Field Artillery Battalion (155mm Howitzer) 01.04.1945-04.05.1945
• 935th Field Artillery Battalion (4.5 inch Gun) 11.04.1945-19.04.1945
• 977th Field Artillery Battalion, A Batt (155mm Gun) 24.04.1945-25.04.1945
• 1st & 2nd Bn, 22nd Infantry Reg, 4th Infantry Division 02.04.1945-03.04.1945
• 3rd Bn, 222nd Infantry Reg, 42nd Infantry Division 02.04.1945-08.04.1945
• 2nd Bn, 242nd Infantry Reg, 42nd Infantry Division 05.04.1945-07.04.1945
• G Co, 242nd Infantry Reg, 42nd Infantry Division 10.04.1945-12.04.1945
• 3rd Bn, 242nd Infantry Reg, 42nd Infantry Division 12.04.1945-14.04.1945
• 15th CT, 3rd Infantry Division 24.04.1945-25.04.1945
• 827th Tank Destroyer Battalion 19.12.1944-13.02.1945

[16]

• 12th Armored Division Fort Campbell Memorial, Fort Campbell, Kentucky
• 12th Armored Division Camp Barkeley Memorial, Abilene, Texas
• 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum, Abilene, Texas
• All Veterans Memorial, 12th AD Plaque, Emporia, Kansas
• Armored Park Memorial, Fort Knox, Kentucky[43]
• Armed Forces Monument, Arlington, Virginia
• Don F. Pratt Memorial Museum, Fort Campbell, KY[44]
• United States Holocaust Museum, Washington, DC
• 50th Anniversary of World War II Memorial, Herrlisheim, France (12th AD is the only Allied Military Unit recognized on the Monument)
• Memorial to Liberation of France and Victory in World War II, Colmar, France
• Place de Col. Meigs[45] plaque, Rohrbach, France
• US Memorial on Hill 351 (Mont de Sigolsheim), Sigolsheim, France

[46]

• 
  Monument at the top of Mont de Sigolsheim honors the American soldiers who fought for the liberation of Alsace at the site of the Battle of Sigolsheim in Dec. 1944.
• 
  In Appreciation (by the people of) Alsace to the 1st French Army of the Rhine and Danube and their American Comrades (who) liberated Alsace 1944-1945. The U.S. 21st Army Corps, U.S. 12th Armored Division, the U.S. 3rd, 28th, 75th, 36th, 45th, 63rd, 103rd Infantry Divisions.
• 
  The insignias of the U.S. Divisions that fought in Alsace are emblazoned on the Sigolsheim monument: the U.S. 21st Army Corps, U.S. 12th Armored Division (bottom row, 2nd from left), the U.S. 3rd, 28th, 75th, 36th, 45th, 63rd, 103rd Infantry Divisions.
• 
  Place Colonel Meigs is located in Rohrbach, France near where Lt. Col. Montgomery C. Meigs died while commanding the 23rd Tank Bn, 12th AD. He was posthumously awarded the Silver Star.
• 
  Grave marker of Lt. Col Meigs, commander of the 23rd Tank Bn., 12th AD, Lorraine American Cemetery, Saint-Avold, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France. Photo courtesy of Command Sergeant Major Dwight "Andy" Anderson (ret), American Battle Monuments Commission.
• 
  50th Anniversary of World War II Memorial, Herrlisheim, France
• 
  Plaque on the 50th Anniversary of World War II Memorial, Herrlisheim, France

The Hellcat News, the newspaper of the 12th Armored Division, was first published in 1942 as an information sheet. Initial publication was part of the public relations duties of the Special Services unit of the 12th Armored Division while the division trained at Camp (later Fort) Campbell, Kentucky. In 1943, after the division was transferred to Camp Barkeley in Abilene, Texas, the division commander, Major General Carlos Brewer, assigned three men to Special Services to continue the newspaper.[48] The first official issue of the newspaper was published at Camp Campbell, Kentucky, although the byline reads "Somewhere in Tennessee". This was because Camp Campbell was in the Tennessee Maneuver Area[49] located on the Kentucky-Tennessee border between Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and Clarksville, Tennessee. Due to its close proximity to Clarksville, Tennessee, the War Department on 6 March 1942, designated Tennessee as the official address of the new camp. This caused a great deal of confusion, since the Headquarters was in Tennessee and the post office was in Kentucky. After many months of mail delivery problems, Colonel Guy W. Chipman requested that the address be changed to Camp Campbell, Kentucky. The U.S. War Department officially changed the address on 23 September 1942.[50]

The newspaper continued to be published by the division Special Services after transfer of the division to Camp Barkeley in Abilene, Texas, from February 1944 through the final issue published in the U.S during the war on 10 August 1944 (Vol. 2, No. 26), when the entire division was shipped to Europe to join the 7th Army in France. Publication resumed with Volume 3, Issue 1 on 18 May 1945, in Heidenheim, Germany, following cessation of combat operations in the ETO. The Special Services of the division published the first issues in Europe on a weekly basis when conditions permitted, until the deactivation of the division in 1946.[48] The Hellcat News is one of two U.S. military newspapers that has been continuously published since World War 2, the other being the older "Stars and "Stripes", which began publication on 9 November 1861 in Bloomfield, Missouri. The "Hellcat News" is the oldest U.S. Armed Forces divisional newspaper still being published since World War 2.

Wartime publications contained division news stories, cartoons and photographs. The later editions of the 12th Armored Association contain information about former members of the division, organizational news including information about the yearly reunion, original cartoons, and photographs both from the war years and afterwards. A series relating the history of the division is also recounted in the newspaper. In addition, the president of the association and the secretary included messages of interest in most issues. These messages contain information about the division's Medal of Honor recipient, Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter Jr. The Hellcat News is published by the 12th Armored Division Association. Archived copies of the Hellcat News from the first issue in 1943 through 2012 are available online through the West Texas Digital Archive.[51]

• Harry Glickman
• Edward A. Carter Jr.
• Irving Kristol
• Adolph Matulis
• Jimmie Reese