1508
Year 1508 (MDVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1508 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
|
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
|
| Gregorian calendar | 1508 MDVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2261 |
| Armenian calendar | 957 ԹՎ ՋԾԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6258 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1429–1430 |
| Bengali calendar | 915 |
| Berber calendar | 2458 |
| English Regnal year | 23 Hen. 7 – 24 Hen. 7 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2052 |
| Burmese calendar | 870 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7016–7017 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁卯年 (Fire Rabbit) 4204 or 4144 — to — 戊辰年 (Earth Dragon) 4205 or 4145 |
| Coptic calendar | 1224–1225 |
| Discordian calendar | 2674 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1500–1501 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5268–5269 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1564–1565 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1429–1430 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4608–4609 |
| Holocene calendar | 11508 |
| Igbo calendar | 508–509 |
| Iranian calendar | 886–887 |
| Islamic calendar | 913–914 |
| Japanese calendar | Eishō 5 (永正５年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1425–1426 |
| Julian calendar | 1508 MDVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3841 |
| Minguo calendar | 404 before ROC 民前404年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 40 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2050–2051 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火兔年 (female Fire-Rabbit) 1634 or 1253 or 481 — to — 阳土龙年 (male Earth-Dragon) 1635 or 1254 or 482 |
December: Sistine Chapel.
Events
January–March
- January 24 – Maximilian, King of the Romans, requests permission to march to Rome through Venetian territory, but is denied and begins his Italienzug.
- February 2 – During the Glinski rebellion, Lithuanian noble Mykolas Glinskis attacks Grodno (now in Belarus) and decapitates Jan Zabrzeziński, the top ally of Grand Duke Alexander.[1][2]
- February 4 – Maximilian, King of the Romans, proclaims himself Holy Roman Emperor at the Italian city of Trento, after having been blocked by Venice from traveling to Rome to be crowned by Pope Julius II.[3][4]
- February 20 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, attacks the Republic of Venice and sack Ampezzo the next day.[5]
- February 28 – Louis V becomes the new prince elector of the Palatinate upon the death of his father, Philip.[6]
- March 2 – The Republic of Venice defeats Maximilian I in the Battle of Cadore.
- March 5 – La Cassaria by Ludovico Ariosto, the first Italian language comedy, is premiered at Ferrara.[7]
- March 13 – The oldest annual foot race in Europe, the "Red Hose Race", is run for the first time, taking place in Scotland at Carnwath, Lanarkshire.[8][9]
- March 18 – Wilhelm IV becomes the new Duke of Bavaria upon the death of his father, Albrecht IV.[10]
- March 22
- Working from the house of Piero di Braccio Martelli at Florence, Leonardo da Vinci begins writing his "collection without order" of his scientific discoveries.[11]
- Ferdinand II of Aragon appoints Florentine merchant Amerigo Vespucci to the post of Chief Navigator of Spain.[12]
April–June
- April 23 – Prince Mihnea cel Rău, son of Vlad the Impaler, becomes the Voivode of Wallachia, with a palace at Târgoviște (now in Romania), upon the death of his cousin Radu IV the Great.
- May 8 – Italian renaissance artist Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni of Florence signs a contract with the Vatican to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling, in return for a promised fee of 3,000 gold ducats (equivalent in 2023 to more than U.S. $600,000). [13]
- June 4 – The coronation of Prince Lajos as the designated successor to his father, King Vladislaus II of Hungary, takes place in Székesfehérvár.
- June 6 – Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I signs a humiliating armistice with the Republic of Venice, which for the moment stops any of his further plans for Italy.[14]
July–September
- July 23 – Upon the death of his father, King Oxlahuh-Tz'i, Hun-Iqʼ becomes one of the two kings of Guatemala's Kaqchikel Maya civilization. Hun-Iqʼ reigns jointly with King Kablahuh-Tihax until the latter's death on February 4. [15]
- July 27 – The process of removing the former layers of paint on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel is completed, and Michelangelo begins the next phase of marking the surface for painting.[16]
- July 31 – The Emperor of Ethiopia, Na'od, dies in battle.[17] His son Lebna Dengel takes on the regnal name of Dawit II, and becomes the new emperor starting on August 11.[18]
- August 12 – The Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico begins when Juan Ponce de León lands on the island.[19] Upon his arrival, Ponce is welcomed by Agüeybaná I, the island's leader a Cacique of the Taíno people.[20] The Spanish explorer soons settles and creates the city of Caparra, near what is now the town of Guaynabo.[21]
- September 11 – England is left without a Roman Catholic Cardinal protector when Cardinal Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere dies suddenly.[22] England's King Henry VII dies seven months later before the monarchy and the Pope can agree on a new cardinal protector. The King's successor, Henry VIII, later abolishes the office entirely after Lorenzo Campeggio dies in the course of the English Reformation and the creation of the Church of England.
October–December
- October 8 – An inconclusive peace treaty is signed to end the third of the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars. [23]
- October 24 – King Louis XII of France convenes court at the Parlement de Normandie building in Rouen.[24]
- November 1 – At the age of 16, Prince Wolfgang of the House of Ascania becomes the new ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Köthen, succeeding his father Waldemar VI. In 1521, he will meet Martin Luther[25] and, in 1525, will introduce the Reformation to his principality, making Anhalt-Köthen only the second nation (after the Electorate of Saxony) to officially adopt Protestantism.
- November 29 – Astronomer Mikołaj Kopernik of Poland is granted benefits by Pope Julius II in order to perform his work.[26]
- December 10 – The League of Cambrai is formed as an alliance against the Republic of Venice, between Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon.[27]
- December 29 – Battle of Dabul: Portuguese forces, under the command of Francisco de Almeida, attack Khambhat.[28]
- December – Michelangelo begins painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling in the Holy See of Rome, on a commission by Pope Julius II (signed May 10).[29]
Births
- February 17 – Bernardo Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1568)[30]
- March 6 – Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad, emperor of the Mughal Empire (d. 1556)[31]
- April 3 – Jean Daurat, French writer and scholar (d. 1588)
- April 5 – Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1559)[32]
- April 23 – Georg Sabinus, German writer (d. 1560)[33]
- May 8 – Charles Wriothesley, English Officer of Arms (d. 1562)[34]
- June 8 or June 9 – Primož Trubar, Slovenian Protestant reformer who lays the foundations for the Slovenian written language (d. 1586)[35]
- June 12 – Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels, German noble (d. 1531)[36]
- June 13 – Alessandro Piccolomini, Italian humanist and philosopher from Siena (d. 1579)[37]
- June 29 – Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (d. 1534)[38]
- September 19 – Maria Paleologa, Italian noblewoman (d. 1530)
- September 23 – Simon Sulzer, Swiss theologian (d. 1585)[39]
- September 25 – Francisco Mendoza de Bobadilla, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1566)[40]
- November 23 – Francis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, youngest son of Henry the Middle (d. 1549)[41]
- November 26 – Cristofano Gherardi, Italian painter (d. 1556)[42]
- November 30 – Andrea Palladio, Italian architect (d. 1580)[43]
- December 8 – Gemma Frisius, Dutch mathematician and cartographer (d. 1555)[44]
- December 21 – Thomas Naogeorgus, German playwright (d. 1563)[45]
- December 24 – Pietro Carnesecchi, Italian humanist (d. 1567)[46]
- date unknown
- Livio Agresti, Italian painter (d. 1580)[47]
- Matsunaga Hisahide, Japanese daimyo (d. 1577)
- Marin Držić, Croatian playwright (d. 1567)[48]
- possible
- Jane Seymour, third queen of Henry VIII of England (d. 1537)[49]
Deaths
- February – Robert Lauder of the Bass, governor of Berwick-on-Tweed (b. c. 1440)
- February 4 – Conrad Celtes, German humanist (b. 1459)[50]
- February 16 – Giovanni II Bentivoglio, tyrant of Bologna (b. 1443)[51]
- February 27 – James, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland (b. 1507)[52]
- February 28 – Philip, Elector Palatine (b. 1448)[53]
- March 18 – Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1447)[54]
- March – Lourenço de Almeida, Portuguese explorer[55]
- April 10 – Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Italian condottiero (b. 1472)[56]
- May 21 – Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney (b. 1451)[57]
- May 27 – Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1452)[58]
- June 6 – Ercole Strozzi, Italian poet (b. 1473)[59]
- June 15 – Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny (b. c. 1452)[60]
- July 28 or July 29 – Robert Blackadder, Bishop of Glasgow[61]
- July 31 – Na'od, Emperor of Ethiopia (in battle)[17]
- August 3 – Raphael de Mercatellis, abbot and bibliophile (b. 1437)
- September 23 – Beatrice of Naples, queen consort of Hungary (b. 1457)[62]
- October 10 – János Thurzó, Hungarian businessman (b. 1437)[63]
- October 18 – Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell, Lord High Admiral of Scotland[64]
- October 23 – Edmund de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (b. 1446)
- November 25 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Münsterberg-Oels and Countess of Glatz (b. 1450)[65]
- December 10 – René II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1451)[66]
- December 16 – Henry the Younger of Stolberg, Stadtholder of Friesland (1506–1508) (b. 1467)[67]
- December 22 – Eric II, Duke of Mecklenburg (b. 1483)
- date unknown
- Isaac Abravanel, Portuguese statesman, philosopher and theologian (b. 1437)[68]
- Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan), Khan of Tashkent[69]
- Micheletto Corella, Valencian condottieri
- Damkhat Reachea, emperor of Cambodia[70]
- Ahmad al-Wansharisi, North African Islamic jurist and theologian[71]
References
- Jankowski, Czesław (1897). Powiat oszmiański: materjały do dziejów ziemi i ludzi (in Polish). Ksiȩg. K. Grendyszyńskiego. p. 9. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
- Reddaway, W.F.; Penson, J.H.; Halecki, O.; Dyboski, R. The Cambridge History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-001-28802-4. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
- Hollegger, Manfred (September 22, 2005). Maximilian I.: Herrscher und Mensch einer Zeitenwende (in German). Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 189. ISBN 978-3-17-023247-1. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
- DeVries, Kelly; Rogers, Clifford J.; France, John (June 21, 2022). Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume XX. Boydell & Brewer. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-78327-718-6.
- Mead Skjelver, Daniel. "Maximilian I Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedias Britannica. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
- Frensdorff, Ferdinand; Lexer, Matthias; Roth, Friedrich (1894). Die chroniken der schwäbischen städte. Augsburg (in German). S. Hirzel. p. 457. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
- Borsellino, Nino; Aurigemma, Marcello (1970). La Letteratura italiana: Cinquecento dal Rinascimento alla controriforma (in Italian). Laterza. p. 4. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
- Green, Martin (1993). Curious Customs: A Guide to Local Customs and Festivals Throughout the British Isles. Impact Books. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-874687-19-1. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
- "History". Clan Lockhart Society. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
- Sattler, Maximilian V. (1868). Lehrbuch der bayerischen Geschichte (in German). Lindauer. p. 213. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
- da Vinci, Leonardo; MacCurdy, Edward (1955). The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Braziller. p. 58. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
- Arciniegas, Germán; Pforzheimer, Carl Howard (1955). Amerigo and the New World : the life & times of Amerigo Vespucci. New York: Knopf. p. 273. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
- Yvonne Paris, Michelangelo: 1475–1564 (Parragon, 2009)
- Rubinstein, Nicolai (1958). "Firenze e il problema della politica imperiale in Italia al tempo di Massimiliano I". Archivio Storico Italiano. 116 (1 (417)): 5–35. ISSN 0391-7770. JSTOR 26250402. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
- Linda Schele and Peter Mathews, The Code of Kings: The Language of Seven Maya Temples and Tombs (Simon & Schuster, 1999) p.297
- Pfisterer, Ulrich (2018). The Sistine Chapel: Paradise in Rome. Getty Publications. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-60606-553-2. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
- Budge, E.A. Wallis (1828). History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 323. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- Wright, William (1877). Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts in the British Museum Acquired Since the Year 1847. British Museum. p. vii. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
- Puerto Rico, U.S.A. Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration. 1980. p. 25. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Altman, Ida; Wheat, David (June 1, 2019). The Spanish Caribbean and the Atlantic World in the Long Sixteenth Century. U of Nebraska Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8032-9957-3. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- "Caparra Archeological Site". www.nps.gov. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Wilkie, William E. (July 11, 1974). The Cardinal Protectors of England: Rome and the Tudors Before the Reformation. Cambridge Unviersity Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-521-20332-6. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Rimvydas Petrauskas and Jūratė Kiaupienė, Lietuvos istorija. Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė (The History of Lithuania, New Horizons: Dynasty, Unification, State) (Baltos Lankos, 2009), p. 466
- Salet, Francis (1980). "Le Palais de Justice de Rouen. Ouvrage collectif publié par les soins du Ministère de la Justice et du département de la Seine-Maritime". Bulletin Monumental. 138 (1): 107–108. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Große, W. (1855). Fürst Wolfgang der Standhafte von Anhalt: Geschichtsbild zur 300jährigen Gedächtnisfeier des Augsburger Religionsfriedens (in German). Baumgarten. p. 32. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Gassendi, Pierre; Thill, Olivier (2002). The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543): The Man who Did Not Change the World. Xulon Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-1-59160-193-7. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- John Duncan Mackie (December 31, 1952). The Earlier Tudors, 1485-1558. Clarendon Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-19-821706-0.
- "Battle of Dabul - [December 29, 1508] This Day in History". Byjus. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
- Leo Steinberg (December 31, 2019). Michelangelo's Painting: Selected Essays. University of Chicago Press. p. 3368. ISBN 978-0-226-48243-9.
- "SALVIATI, Bernardo". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Burke, S. M. (1989). Akbar, the Greatest Mogul. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 10. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
- Archivio storico lombardo (in Italian). Società storica lombarda. 1914. p. 721. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Becker-Cantarino, Barbara (August 2004). Daphnis (in German). Rodopi. p. 439. ISBN 978-90-420-1831-0. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1909). The Dictionary of National Biography. Macmillan Company. p. 1055. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Volgar, Abhilash (May 30, 2008). "PRIMOŽ TRUBAR IN ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND LEXICS I". Locutio (in Slovenian). 11 (42). Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Pohl, Dieter (1994). Die Grafschaft Glatz (Schlesien) in Darstellungen und Quellen: eine erweiterte Bibliographie (in German). D. Pohl. p. 203. ISBN 978-3-927830-10-3. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Virginia Trimble; Thomas R. Williams; Katherine Bracher (September 18, 2007). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 904. ISBN 978-0-387-30400-7.
- Mittheilungen des Hanauer Bezirksvereins für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde (in German). König. 1876. p. 210. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Linder, Gottlieb (1890). Simon Sulzer und sein Antheil an der Reformation im Lande Baden: Sowie an den Unionsbestrebungen (in German). Heidelberg: C. Winter. p. 11. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 19, 1544". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Fleischner, Johann Michael (1830). Die Reichsversammlung zu Augsburg bei der Ablesung und Uebergabe des evangelischen Glaubensbekenntnisses: Zur 300 jährigen Gedächtnißfeier (in German). Beck. p. 119. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Bénézit, Emmanuel (2006). Dictionary of artists. Vol. 6. Paris: Gründ. p. 104. ISBN 978-2-7000-3070-9. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Georgian Group (London, England) (1957). Visit to the Veneto 21st-29th September, 1957: Programme. p. 1.
- "Regnier Gemma Frisius". Maths History. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Brown, Virginia (2011). Catalogus Translationum Et Commentariorum. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8132-1729-1. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Ortolani, Oddone (1963). Pietro Carnesecchi: con estratti dagli atti del processo del Santo officio (in Italian). F. Le Monnier. p. 1. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- "AGRESTI, Livio, detto Il Ricciutello". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- "Držić, Marin". www.enciklopedija.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Norrie, Aidan; Harris, Carolyn; Laynesmith, J. L.; Messer, Danna R.; Woodacre, Elena (July 20, 2022). Tudor and Stuart Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty. Springer Nature. p. 80. ISBN 978-3-030-95197-9. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Flood, John (September 8, 2011). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 303. ISBN 978-3-11-091274-6. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Archivio storico lombardo (in Italian). Società storica lombarda. 1984. p. 384. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Perry, Maria (1998). Sisters to the King: The Tumultuous Lives of Henry VIII's Sisters, Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France. André Deutsch. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-233-99004-0. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1888. p. 16. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Silbernagl, Isidor (1857). Albrecht IV., der Weise, Herzog von Bayern, und seine Regierung: nach geschichtlichen Quellen verfasst (in German). Deschler. p. 103. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (August 17, 2015). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 7 Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500-1600): Volume 7. Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500-1600). BRILL. p. 769. ISBN 978-90-04-29848-4. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Filippini, Francesco (1925). Raffaello a Bologna (in Italian). Officine grafiche reggiane. p. 7. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Wedgwood, Josiah Clement (1936). History of Parliament ... 1439-1509: Biographies of the Members of the Commons House. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 260. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Santoro, Caterina (1994). Gli Sforza (in Italian). Editori Associati. p. 339. ISBN 978-88-7819-546-2. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Vita, Alessandro del (1958). Amori Dei Borgia (in Italian). Arezzo. p. 142. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Office, Great Britain Public Record (1920). Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 367. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- Campbell, William M. (1944). The first Archbishop of Glasgow; Part II. SCHS. p. 140. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- Il Plutarco austriaco ossia Vite e ritratti di tutti i sovrani della casa d'Austria e dei più rinomati generali, uomini di stato, letterati ed artisti dell'impero austriaco del barone di Hormayr traduzione dal tedesco illustrata con note. Volume 1 (in Italian). Milan: The Imperial Printing Director. 1823. p. 154. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- Wenzel, Gusztáv (1882). A fuggerek jelentosége Magyarország történetében (in Hungarian). Budapest: A.M. Tud. Akadémia Könyvkiadó-Hivatala. p. 21. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- Paul, James Balfour (1905). The Scots Peerage. D. Douglas. p. 152. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- Mittelfranken, Historischer Verein für (1873). Jahresbericht des Historischen Vereins für Mittelfranken (in German). Historischer Verein für Mittelfranken. p. 106. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- Marichal, Paul (1909). René II, duc de Lorraine et les possessions de la maison d'Anjou dans le Maine (in French). Imprimerie Fleury. p. 36. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- Brückner, Jörg (2005). Zwischen Reichsstandschaft und Standesherrschaft: die Grafen zu Stolberg und ihr Verhältnis zu den Landgrafen von Thüringen und späteren Herzögen (in German). Stekovics. p. 202. ISBN 978-3-89923-119-9. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- Netanyahu, Benzion (1998). Don Isaac Abravanel, Statesman & Philosopher. Cornell University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8014-8485-8. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- Allworth, Edward A. (September 1, 2013). The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History. Hoover Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8179-8733-6. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- International Congress of Sociology 18th Nurember, 1958 (in French). A. Hain. 1961. p. 311. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- Lagardère, V. (April 24, 2012). "al-Wans̲h̲arīsī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.