1761 in Canada

Events from the year 1761 in Canada.

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Events
  • Wednesday July 29 – The British terms of peace are so hard that Choiseul declares: "I am as indifferent to peace as Pitt can be. I freely admit the King's desire for peace, and his Majesty may sign such a treaty, but my hand shall never be set to it."
  • Tuesday October 6 – King George III offers Pitt the governorship of Canada, with £5,000 per annum, but, instead, makes Pitt's wife, Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham, a peeress; and £13,000 per annum is granted to the survivor of three of his family.
  • Canada under Martial law.

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Historical documents

French court accuses British of starting war over borders of Acadia and Canada (with conflict extending to fighting on four continents)[4]

Britain refuses to cede Cape Breton to France (even with pledge of no fortifications), but agrees conditionally to allow French fishing[5]

French policy on ceding American possessions to Britain should consider not colony size, but economic and strategic advantages[6]

Populating Canada will only drain other British colonies, which should be consolidated by "becoming more populous, and [thus] compact"[7]

Advice of Waybukcumigut, "chief and captain" of Mississaugas, in essay on improving relations with Indigenous people (Note: "savages" used)[8]

British ordered not to provoke Canadians on their loss, nor their "language, dress, Manners, Customs, or Country," nor their "mistaken Religion"[9]

British map entire St. Lawrence River above L'Isle-aux-Coudres in detail (Indigenous and settler towns and fields, woods and swamps etc.)[10]

Prints depict damaged and destroyed buildings in Quebec City[11]

Canada is cold because winds passing over snow are full of "nitrous particles," and there are too few "sulphurous exhalations" as little land is tilled[12]

Nova Scotia Council rejects Gen. Amherst's "recommending the Continuation of the French Accadians" that royal order and provincial assembly forbid[13]

"Extremely necessary that the inhabitants should be assisted by the Acadians" to repair dykes and recover marsh lands in Nova Scotia[14]

Commodore Lord Colville reports that Acadians of "Bays of Vert, Miramichi, Chaleurs and Gaspey" have surrendered and their vessels are destroyed[15]

Trader's work in Chaleur Bay ends when Acadians expelled, who (like Mi'kmaq) take him to Chignecto after his ship deserts him (Note: "savages" used)[16]

Vessels arriving at Halifax with "any Plague, Small-Pox, Malignant Fever, or other contagious Distemper" must quarantine two miles below town[17]

With clearing of land in Nova Scotia comes risk of forest fire, and grand juries at county quarter sessions are to develop prevention regulations[18]

Economy of French fishery on Newfoundland includes trade with Labrador "Esquameau," whaling, and timber for shipbuilding[19]

Alexander Henry's canoe brigade journey begins at Sainte-Anne, where his men go to confession and later receive 8 gallons of rum each[20]

Warned repeatedly that, being English, he would be killed at Michilimackinac, Henry dons voyageurs clothing and wields paddle when anyone passes[21]

Voyageurs eat mashed maize on canoe trips, but for over-wintering, Henry finds high grain and meat prices make him "very industrious in fishing"[22]

References
  1. Guéganic (2008), p. 13.
  2. "George III". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  3. "Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  4. An Historical Memorial of the Negotiation of France and England [from March 26 to September 20, 1761] (translation; 1761), pgs. 4 and 7 Accessed 22 March 2022
  5. "The answer from England arrived the 30th June" An Historical Memorial of the Negotiation of France and England [from March 26 to September 20, 1761] (translation; 1761), pg. 43. (See France's proposal to give up Canada but keep Cape Breton, and Britain's agreement to allow unfortified French port in Gulf of St. Lawrence; see also breakdown of 1761 negotiations, and "the most material Variations" between failed 1761 proposals and agreed 1762 proposals) Accessed 22 March 2022
  6. "Memoir on the Boundaries of Louisiana" (French with English translation; August 10, 1761), in Anglo-French Boundary Disputes in the West, 1749-1763, French Series, Volume II, Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library, Volume XXVII (1936), pgs. 344-51, 57-8. Accessed 18 March 2022
  7. "The compact figure of France" An Enquiry into the Value of Canada and Guadaloupe: in answer to a late pamphlet ... called, The interest of Great Britain consider'd with regard to her colonies, and the acquisitions of Canada and Guadaloupe (1761), pgs. 38-9. (See also opinion that France must give up all North America because "Canada produces nothing that can ever possibly make a colony flourishing") Accessed 21 March 2022
  8. (Text in italics) The Importance of Canada Considered (1761), pgs. 32-4. (See also "the disposition of the Indians, and their method of making war" Accessed 22 March 2022
  9. Letter of Charles Wyndham, Earl of Egremont, to Jeffery Amherst (excerpt; December 12, 1761). Accessed 25 March 2022
  10. Plan of Canada or the province of Quebec from the uppermost settlements to the island of Coudre(…) (1761–3). (See Flickr gallery of map's sections) Accessed 21 March 2022
  11. Richard Short, "View of the Cathedral, Jesuits College, and Recollect Friars Church" "A View of the Treasury and Jesuits College" "A View of the Inside of the Jesuits Church" "A View of the Bishop's House with the Ruins as they appear in going down the Hill From the Upper to the Lower Town" (1761), McCord Museum. Accessed 23 March 2022
  12. "It is not very difficult to assign the causes of this cold" An Enquiry into the Value of Canada and Guadaloupe[....] (1761), pg. 34. Accessed 21 March 2022
  13. Council meeting (February 20, 1761), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pgs. 314-18. Accessed 23 March 2022
  14. Letter of Pres. Belcher (Govrs. Letter Book; June 18, 1761), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pgs. 319-20. Accessed 23 March 2022
  15. Dispatch of Lord Colville (November 26, 1761), "The Recapture of Saint John’s, Newfoundland; Dispatches of Rear-Admiral, Lord Colville, 1761-1762," Occasional Paper Number Six, Maritime Museum of Canada (1959). Accessed 21 March 2022 http://ngb.chebucto.org/Articles/colville-1762.shtml (scroll down to "Northumberland at Halifax, 26th Nov. 1761"; see also details of attack and residents taken prisoner)
  16. Gamaliel Smethurst, A Narrative of an Extraordinary Escape Out of the Hands of the Indians(....) (1774). Accessed 14 July 2022
  17. "An Act to prevent the spreading of contagious Distempers" (1761), 1 George III - Chapter 6, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 21 March 2022
  18. "An Act for preventing Damages by unseasonable burning, or firing of the Woods" (1761), 1 George III - Chapter 5, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 21 March 2022
  19. T. Cole, "The French (by means of their Fishery" "The State of the Newfoundland Fishery, with a Plan [of] the 12th of May, 1761, to exclude the French from that Trade," in An Account of the Island of Newfoundland[....] (1765), pg. 31. Accessed 23 March 2022
  20. Alexander Henry, "In a short time, we reached(...)Saint-Anne" Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories[....] (1809), pg. 16. (See also voyageurs' method of portaging cargo) Accessed 24 March 2022
  21. Alexander Henry, "The hostility of the Indians" Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories[....] (1809), pgs. 34-5. (See Henry's welcome by Ojibwe chief Minavavana, and "A Plan of the Straits of St. Mary, and Michilimakinac, to shew the Situation & Importance of the two Westernmost Settlements of Canada for the Fur Trade") Accessed 24 March 2022
  22. Alexander Henry, "Trout are taken" Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories[....] (1809), pgs. 53-5. Accessed 24 March 2022
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