1781 in science
The year 1781 in science and technology involved some significant events.
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Astronomy
- March 13 – William Herschel observes Uranus (although initially recording it as a comet).[1]
- March 20 – Pierre Méchain discovers dwarf galaxy NGC 5195.
- Charles Messier's final catalogue of Messier objects is published.
- Christian Mayer's catalogue of binary stars is published.[2]
Biology
- Felice Fontana uses a microscope to describe the axon of a brain cell.
- John Latham begins publication of A General Synopsis of Birds.
Chemistry
- Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald is granted a British patent for the manufacture of coal tar.[3][4]
- Carl Wilhelm Scheele ascertains that a new acid can be made from tungstenite, leading to the discovery of tungsten in 1783.[5]
- Autumn – Peter Jacob Hjelm isolates molybdenum.[5][6]
Awards
Births
- January 30 – Adelbert von Chamisso, poet and botanist (died 1838)
- February 17 – Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec, French physician, inventor of the stethoscope (died 1826).[8]
- May 29 – John Walker, English chemist (died 1859)
- June 9 – George Stephenson, English locomotive engineer (died 1848)
- June 21 – Siméon Poisson, mathematician (died 1840)
- July 6 – Thomas Stamford Raffles, founder of the Zoological Society of London (died 1826)
- September 14 – James Walker, Scottish civil engineer (died 1862)
- October 5 – Bernhard Bolzano, mathematician (died 1848)
- December 11 – David Brewster, Scottish physicist (died 1868)
Deaths
- May 27 – Giovanni Battista Beccaria, Italian physicist (born 1716)
References
- Herschel, W.; Watson, Dr. (1781). "Account of a Comet, By Mr. Herschel, F.R.S.; Communicated by Dr. Watson, Jun. of Bath, F.R.S". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. London. 71: 492–501. Bibcode:1781RSPT...71..492H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1781.0056. S2CID 186208953.
- "Verzeichniss aller bisher entdeckten Doppeltsterne" In Johann Elert Bode's Astronomisches Jahrbuch for 1784, pp. 183-6.
- Burke, James (1978). Connections. London: Macmillan. p. 196. ISBN 0-333-24827-9.
- "Coal Tar Before the Invention of Town's Gas". Retrieved 2011-12-31.
- Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850341-5.
- Hjelm, P. J. (1788). "Versuche mit Molybdäna, und Reduction der selben Erde". Der Königl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften neue Abhandlungen aus der Naturlehre, Haushaltungskunst und Mechanik. Leipzig. 49: 268.
- "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- "Laennec, René-Théophile-Hyacinthe (1781-1826)". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
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