1921 Canadian federal election

The 1921 Canadian federal election was held on December 6, 1921, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 14th Parliament of Canada. The Union government that had governed Canada through the First World War was defeated, and replaced by a Liberal government under the young leader William Lyon Mackenzie King. A new third party, the Progressive Party, won the second most seats in the election.

1921 Canadian federal election

December 6, 1921

235 seats in the House of Commons
118 seats needed for a majority
Turnout67.7%[1] (Decrease7.3pp)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader W. L. Mackenzie King Thomas Crerar Arthur Meighen
Party Liberal Progressive Conservative
Leader since 1919 1920 1920
Leader's seat Prince
candidate in York North
Marquette Portage la Prairie (lost re-election)
Last election 82 New party 153
Seats won 118 58 49
Seat change Increase36 Increase58 Decrease104
Popular vote 1,285,998 658,976 935,651
Percentage 41.15% 21.09% 29.95%
Swing Increase2.34% Increase21.09% Decrease26.98%

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader J. S. Woodsworth Herbert Greenfield Ernest C. Drury
Party Independent Labour United Farmers of Alberta United Farmers of Ontario
Leader since 1921 1921 1919
Leader's seat Winnipeg Centre Did not run[lower-alpha 1] Did not run[lower-alpha 2]
Last election 0 New party New party
Seats won 3 2 1
Seat change Increase3 Increase2 Increase1
Popular vote 85,388 22,251 3,919
Percentage 2.73% 0.71% 0.13%
Swing Increase0.90pp New party New party


The Canadian parliament after the 1921 election

Prime Minister before election

Arthur Meighen
Conservative

Prime Minister after election

William Lyon Mackenzie King
Liberal

Since the 1911 election, the country had been governed by the Conservatives, first under the leadership of Prime Minister Robert Borden and then under Prime Minister Arthur Meighen. During the war, the Conservatives had united with the pro-conscription Liberal-Unionists and formed a Union government. A number of Members of Parliament (MPs), mostly Quebecers, stayed loyal to Sir Wilfrid Laurier, however, and they maintained their independence. When Laurier died, he was replaced as leader by the Ontarian Mackenzie King. After the 1919 federal budget, a number of western unionist MPs, who were former Liberals, left the Union government in protest against high tariffs on farm products imposed by the budget. Led by Thomas Alexander Crerar, the group became known as the Progressive Party. Also running were a number of Labour advocates, foremost amongst them J. S. Woodsworth of Winnipeg, who had organized their political movement after the Winnipeg general strike of 1919. Meighen had played a key role in violently suppressing the strikers and this earned him the animosity of organized labour.

Meighen attempted to make the "Unionist" party a permanent alliance of Tories and Liberals by renaming it the National Liberal and Conservative Party, but the name change failed, and most Unionist Liberals either returned to the Liberal fold or joined the new Progressive Party. Besides the labour strife and farm tariffs in the Prairie provinces, the Conscription Crisis of 1917 had a lasting effect on Tory fortunes by making the party virtually unelectable in Quebec.

The election was the first in which the majority of Canadian women were allowed to vote, thanks to reforms passed by the Conservatives. Five women also ran for office. Agnes Macphail of the Progressive Party was elected as the first woman MP in Canada.

Parliament was split three ways by this election. King's Liberals won a majority government of just one seat but won all of Quebec, much of the Maritime Provinces, and a good portion of Ontario.

The Progressive Party, including the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA), won the second largest number of seats, dominating the West, and winning almost a third of the seats in Ontario. Liberal and Conservative candidates were shut out in Alberta, with 10 UFA and two Labour candidates taking the province's 12 federal seats. The party won only one seat east of Ontario, however. Despite winning the second most seats, it declined to form the official opposition. It would be the only Canadian federal election before 1993 in which a party other than the Liberals or the (Progressive) Conservatives won the second most seats.

The Conservatives lost the most seats up to that time of any governing party at the federal level. They won fewer seats than the Progressives (despite having more popular votes) but wound up forming the official opposition. The Conservatives won much of Ontario and had some support in the Maritimes and British Columbia but won no seats in the Prairies or in Quebec.

Three Independent Labour MPs were elected: J. S. Woodsworth won his seat largely from his role in the 1919 Winnipeg general strike, and William Irvine and Joseph Tweed Shaw were elected in Calgary.

Majority or minority?

The government that King formed in the parliament resulting from this election was a minority government. Although King's party won a slim majority of seats at the election, resignations changed the parliament from a small majority to minority.

The Liberal Party lost two by-elections to Conservative candidates, but had gained two seats from Progressives who crossed the floor, so its majority was not affected by these losses. From November 25, 1924, to the dissolution of parliament, it held a two-seat majority because of its victory in a by-election in a seat that had been held by the Conservatives.

The Progressive caucus was less united than the Liberals or Conservatives, due to the formation of the Ginger Group and the semi-autonomous United Farmers of Alberta group. The Farmer MPs had promised among other things that they would reject the traditional Parliamentary traditions such as that of bending to the will of the party leader and whip. Many Progressives argued that an MP should be able to vote against the party line so long as the vote was in accordance to his constituents' wishes. As a result, King always found enough Progressive MPs who were willing to back him on crucial votes and generally had a working majority, until after four years his government was brought down by an adverse vote due to a moment of confusion.

Electoral system

Most of the MPs were elected in single-winner First past the post; Ottawa and Halifax were two-seat ridings with each voter able to cast up to two votes as per Plurality block voting.[2]

National results

Party Party leader # of
candidates
Seats Popular vote
1917 Elected % Change # % pp Change
  Liberal W. L. Mackenzie King 204 82 118 +43.9% 1,285,998 41.15% +2.34
  Conservative Arthur Meighen 204 153 49 -68.0% 935,651 29.95% -26.98
Progressive T. A. Crerar 137 * 58 * 658,976 21.09% *
  Labour J. S. Woodsworth 28 - 3   85,388 2.73% +0.90
  Independent 45 - 2   94,901 3.04% +2.40
United Farmers of Alberta   2 * 2 * 22,251 0.71% *
  Unknown 9 - - - 15,293 0.49% +0.29
  Independent Conservative 2 * 1 * 12,359 0.40% *
United Farmers of Ontario   1 * 1 * 3,919 0.13% *
  Independent Progressive 1 * 1 * 3,309 0.115% *
Socialist   1 * - * 3,094 0.10% *
  Independent Liberal 1 - - - 2,764 0.09% -0.32
Total 635 235 235 - 3,123,903 100%  
Sources: http://www.elections.ca -- History of Federal Ridings since 1867

Note:

* not applicable - the party was not recognized in the previous election

Vote and seat summaries

Popular vote
Liberal
41.15%
Conservative
29.95%
Progressive
21.09%
Others
7.81%
Seat totals
Liberal
50.21%
Progressive
24.68%
Conservative
20.85%
Others
4.25%

Results by province

Party name BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE YK Total
  Liberal Seats: 3 - 1 3 21 65 5 16 4 - 118
  Popular vote (%): 29.8 15.8 18.7 18.9 30.1 70.2 50.2 52.4 45.7 47.6 41.2
  Progressive Seats: 3 8 15 11 20 - 1 - -   58
  Vote (%): 11.7 39.6 61.7 41.9 25.6 3.1 8.7 10.2 12.3   21.1
  Conservative Seats: 7 - - - 36 - 5 - - 1 49
  Vote (%): 47.9 20.3 16.3 24.4 38.8 18.5 39.4 32.3 37.2 51.1 30.0
  Labour Seats: - 2 - 1 - -   - -   3
  Vote (%): 6.8 11.1 0.8 5.7 2.3 0.7   3.5 4.8   2.7
  Independent Seats: -     - 2 - -     - 2
  Vote (%): 3.5     7.4 1.9 6.6 1.7     1.3 3.0
  United Farmers of Alberta Seats:   2                 2
  Vote (%):   12.9                 0.7
  Independent Conservative Seats:         1 -         1
  Vote (%):         0.9 0.3         0.4
  United Farmers of Ontario Seats:         1           1
  Vote (%):         0.3           0.1
  Independent Progressive Seats:         1           1
  Vote (%):         0.3           0.1
Total seats   13 12 16 15 82 65 11 16 4 1 235
Parties that won no seats:
  Other Vote (%): 0.4 0.2 2.4     0.6   1.6 5.2   1.0
  Socialist Vote (%):       1.8             0.1
  Independent Liberal Vote (%):         0.2           0.1

See also

Notes

  1. The United Farmers of Alberta, which at the time formed the government in that province, did not have a separate party leader at the federal level. At the time of this election, party leader Herbert Greenfield was the Premier of Alberta and the MLA for Peace River in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.
  2. The United Farmers of Ontario, which at the time formed the government in that province, did not have a separate party leader at the federal level. At the time of this election, party leader Ernest C. Drury was the Premier of Ontario and the MLA for Halton in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

References

  1. "Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums". Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  2. Parliamentary Guide

Further reading

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