1988 Canadian federal election

The 1988 Canadian federal election was held on November 21, 1988, to elect members to the House of Commons of Canada of the 34th Parliament of Canada. It was an election largely fought on a single issue: the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA); the Progressive Conservative Party campaigned in favour of it whereas the Liberal Party and the New Democratic Party (NDP) campaigned against it.

1988 Canadian federal election

November 21, 1988

295 seats in the House of Commons
148 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout75.3%[1] (Steady)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Brian Mulroney (cropped).jpg
Ronald Reagan and John Turner 1987 crop (cropped).jpg
Ed Broadbent Le Prince Kibego Njangamwita Nabuvira (cropped).jpg
Leader Brian Mulroney John Turner Ed Broadbent
Party Progressive Conservative Liberal New Democratic
Leader since June 11, 1983 June 16, 1984 July 7, 1975
Leader's seat Charlevoix Vancouver Quadra Oshawa
Last election 211 seats, 50.03% 40 seats, 28.02% 30 seats, 18.81%
Seats before 203 38 32
Seats won 169[lower-alpha 1] 83 43
Seat change Decrease34 Increase45 Increase11
Popular vote 5,667,543 4,205,072 2,685,263
Percentage 43.02% 31.92% 20.38%
Swing Decrease7.02pp Increase3.89pp Increase1.57pp


The Canadian parliament after the 1988 election

Prime Minister before election

Brian Mulroney
Progressive Conservative

Prime Minister after election

Brian Mulroney
Progressive Conservative

The incumbent prime minister, Brian Mulroney, went on to lead his Progressive Conservative Party to a second majority government. Mulroney became the party's first leader since John A. Macdonald to win a second majority.[lower-alpha 2] The Liberal Party doubled their seat count and experienced a moderate recovery after the 1984 wipeout. The New Democratic Party won the highest number of seats at the time until they would beat that record in 2011.

The election was the last won by the Progressive Conservatives, the last until 2011 in which a right-of-centre party formed a majority government, and the last where a right-of-centre party won the most seats in Quebec. It was also the last election in Canadian history in which only three parties would be elected to Parliament.

Background

Brian Mulroney led the Progressive Conservative Party to a landslide majority government victory in the 1984 federal election. Despite this achievement, scandals including patronage damaged his polling numbers. However, in his fourth year in office in 1988, his popularity began to recover; a poll a few days before the election call showed the Progressive Conservatives ahead of the Liberal Party and New Democratic Party.[2]

The Liberal Party led by John Turner suffered a heavy defeat in the 1984 election. Despite this, Turner stayed on as leader and was preparing to campaign for the second election. However, the Liberal Party was in financial and political disarray; by 1986 the party was heavily in debt and the expenses of the national organization continued to rise. Turner's office experienced significant staff turnover, and leaving members were willing to recount stories of the office's disfunction to the press, resulting in Turner's leadership being nicknamed a "reign of error".[3] Some pundits believed the Liberals would permanently drop to third place.[2]

In 1988, Mulroney reached an agreement on free trade with the United States. Turner's Liberal Party and Ed Broadbent's New Democratic Party opposed the agreement; Turner believed that the agreement would "Americanize" Canada. Mulroney used his large majority to pass the bill through the House of Commons, however, the Liberal-dominated Senate demanded an election before they would pass it. The election was called on October 1.[2][4]

Campaign

The Liberals had some early struggles, notably during one day in Montreal where three different costs were given for the proposed Liberal daycare program.[5] When asked by reporters about the incident, Turner's chief of staff responded using vulgar language.[2] The campaign was also hampered by a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) report that stated there was a movement in the backroom to replace Turner with Jean Chrétien, even though Turner had passed a leadership review in 1986 with 76.3 percent of delegates rejecting a leadership convention.[5]

Turner strongly campaigned against free trade, arguing that it would cost many Canadian jobs. His October 25 debate performance helped polls suggest a Liberal government; a week after the debate, the Liberals were six points ahead of the PCs. The Liberal surge prompted the PCs to stop the relatively calm campaign they had been running and instead run a more negative campaign, capitalizing on the perceived lack of public confidence in Turner, his perceived inability to lead the Liberal Party, and arguing that he only opposed free trade because of political opportunism. The PCs' poll numbers started to rebound.[2]

National results

The Progressive Conservatives won a reduced but strong majority government with 169 seats, and the free trade agreement would go into effect on January 1, 1989. Mulroney was the first Conservative prime minister since John A. Macdonald to win more than one majority.

Despite the Liberals more than doubling their seat count from 38 to 83, the results were considered a disappointment for Turner, after polls in mid-campaign predicted a Liberal government. In an ironic reversal of most prior federal elections, the Liberals were kept out of power by their inability to make any headway into the overwhelming Tory majority in Quebec. Indeed, the Liberals actually lost five seats in Quebec. This second election loss sealed Turner's fate; he would eventually resign in 1990, and was succeeded by Jean Chrétien, who proved to be a more effective leader and when in government, accepted free trade with the United States and didn't overturn it.[2]

Despite the New Democratic Party enjoying their best result at the time (winning 43 seats), Ed Broadbent resigned as leader in 1989. Some NDP members were disappointed by the fact that they didn't become the Official Opposition.[2]

Had the Progressive Conservatives won a minority government, there would have been a strong possibility of the Liberals forming government with the New Democratic Party holding the balance of power, as these two left-of-centre parties would have made up the majority of seats in the House of Commons.

Party Party leader # of
candidates
Seats Popular vote
1984 Dissol. Elected % Change # % Change
  Progressive Conservative Brian Mulroney 295 211 203 169 -19.9% 5,667,543 43.02% -7.02pp
  Liberal John Turner 294 40 38 83 +107.5% 4,205,072 31.92% +3.89pp
  New Democratic Party Ed Broadbent 295 30 32 43 +34.4% 2,685,263 20.38% +1.57pp
Reform Preston Manning 72 * - - * 275,767 2.09% *
Christian Heritage Ed Vanwoudenberg 63 * - - * 102,533 0.78% *
Rhinoceros Cornelius the First 74 - - - - 52,173 0.40% -0.39pp
Green Seymour Trieger 68 - - - - 47,228 0.36% +0.14pp
Confederation of Regions Elmer Knutson 51 - - - - 41,342 0.31% -0.68pp
Libertarian Dennis Corrigan 88 - - - - 33,135 0.25% +0.06pp
  No affiliation 100 - - -   24,516 0.19% -0.12pp
  Independent 55 1 4 - - 22,982 0.17% -0.01pp
Commonwealth of Canada Gilles Gervais 58 - - - - 7,467 0.06% -0.21pp
Communist George Hewison 51 - - - - 7,066 0.05% -0.01pp
Social Credit Harvey Lainson 9 - - - - 3,407 0.03% -0.10pp
     Vacant 5  
Total 1,573 282 282 295 +4.6% 13,175,494 100%  

Note:

"% change" refers to change from previous election

Vote and seat summaries

Popular vote
PC
43.02%
Liberal
31.92%
NDP
20.38%
Reform
2.09%
Others
2.59%
Seat totals
PC
57.29%
Liberal
28.14%
NDP
14.58%

A number of unregistered parties also contested the election. The Western Canada Concept party, led by Doug Christie, fielded three candidates in British Columbia. The Western Independence Party ran one candidate in British Columbia, seven in Alberta, and three in Manitoba (although one of the Manitoba candidates appears to have withdrawn before election day).

The Liberal candidate in Etobicoke-Lakeshore, Emmanuel Feuerwerker, withdrew from the race after suffering a heart attack, resulting in the Liberals not running a candidate in all 295 ridings during this election.

The Marxist–Leninist Party fielded candidates in several ridings.

Blair T. Longley campaigned in British Columbia as a representative of the "Student Party". Newspaper reports indicate that this was simply a tax-avoidance scheme.

The moribund Social Credit Party fielded nine candidates, far short of the 50 required for official recognition. However, the Chief Electoral Officer allowed the party's name to appear on the ballot by virtue of its half-century history as a recognized party. It would be the last time that the party, which had been the third-largest or fourth-largest party in Canada at its height, would fight an election under its own name. The party was deregistered before the 1993 election after it failed to nominate enough candidates to keep its registration.

Seats which changed hands

Defeated MPs

Extended content
Party Riding MP First elected Defeated by Party
 Progressive Conservative Burin—St. George's Joe Price 1984 Roger Simmons  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Cardigan Pat Binns 1984 Lawrence MacAulay  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Charlottetown Thomas McMillan 1979 George Proud  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Cape Breton Highlands—Canso Lawrence O'Neil 1984 Francis LeBlanc  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Dartmouth Michael Forrestall 1965 Ron MacDonald  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Halifax Stewart McInnes 1984 Mary Clancy  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative South West Nova Gerald Comeau 1984 Coline Campbell  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Miramichi Bud Jardine 1984 Maurice Dionne  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Moncton Dennis Cochrane 1984 George Rideout  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Restigouche—Chaleur Al Girard 1984 Guy Arseneault  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Gatineau—La Lièvre Claudy Mailly 1984 Mark Assad  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Lasalle (contested LaSalle—Émard) Claude Lanthier 1984 Paul Martin  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Charlevoix (contested Laurier—Sainte-Marie) Charles Hamelin 1984 Jean-Claude Malepart  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Essex-Kent James Eber Caldwell 1984 Jerry Pickard  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Etobicoke North Bob Pennock 1984 Roy MacLaren  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Haldimand—Norfolk Bud Bradley 1979 Bob Speller  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Hamilton West Peter Peterson 1984 Stan Keyes  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Kent Elliott Hardey 1984 Rex Crawford  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Kingston and the Islands Flora MacDonald 1972 Peter Milliken  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Lambton—Middlesex Sidney Fraleigh 1984 Ralph Ferguson  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Leeds—Grenville Jennifer Cossitt 1982 by-election Jim Jordan  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative London East Jim Jepson 1984 Joe Fontana  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Nepean—Carleton (contested Nepean) William Tupper 1984 Beryl Gaffney  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Nipissing Moe Mantha Sr. 1984 Bob Wood  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Ottawa—Carleton (contested Ottawa South) Barry Turner 1984 John Manley  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Ottawa West David Daubney 1984 Marlene Catterall  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Parkdale—High Park Andrew Witer 1984 Jesse Flis  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Sault Ste. Marie Jim Kelleher 1984 Steve Butland  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Scarborough West Reg Stackhouse 1984 Tom Wappel  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative York—Scarborough (contested Scarborough—Agincourt) Paul McCrossan 1984 Jim Karygiannis  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Timmins—Chapleau Aurèle Gervais 1984 Cid Samson  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Welland (contested Welland—St. Catharines—Thorold) Allan Pietz 1984 Gilbert Parent  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Willowdale John Oostrom 1984 Jim Peterson  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Saint Boniface Léo Duguay 1984 Ron Duhamel  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Mackenzie Jack Scowen 1984 Vic Althouse  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Saskatoon West (contested Saskatoon—Clark's Crossing) Ray Hnatyshyn 1974 Chris Axworthy  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative The Battlefords—Meadow Lake John Kenneth Gormley 1984 Len Taylor  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Edmonton East William Lesick 1984 Ross Harvey  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Kootenay East Stan Graham 1984 Sid Parker  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Kootenay West (contested Kootenay West—Revelstoke) Robert Brisco 1984 (1974) Lyle Kristiansen  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Mission—Port Moody (contested Mission—Coquitlam) Gerry St. Germain 1983 by-election Joy Langan  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Nanaimo—Alberni (contested Nanaimo—Cowichan) Ted Schellenberg 1984 David Stupich  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Okanagan—Similkameen (contested Okanagan—Similkameen—Merritt) Fred King 1979 Jack Whittaker  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Esquimalt—Saanich (contested Saanich—Gulf Islands) Patrick Crofton 1984 Lynn Hunter  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Western Arctic Dave Nickerson 1984 Ethel Blondin  Liberal
 New Democratic St. John's East Jack Harris 1987 by-election Ross Reid  Progressive Conservative
 New Democratic Broadview—Greenwood Lynn McDonald 1982 by-election Dennis Mills  Liberal
 New Democratic Hamilton Mountain Marion Dewar 1987 by-election Beth Phinney  Liberal
 New Democratic Kenora—Rainy River John Edmund Parry 1984 Bob Nault  Liberal
 New Democratic Ottawa Centre Mike Cassidy 1984 Mac Harb  Liberal
 New Democratic Thunder Bay—Nipigon Ernie Epp 1984 Joe Comuzzi  Liberal
 New Democratic Winnipeg North Centre Cyril Keeper 1984 David Walker  Liberal
 New Democratic Winnipeg North David Orlikow 1962 Rey Pagtakhan  Liberal
 Liberal Outremont Lucie Pépin 1984 Jean-Pierre Hogue  Progressive Conservative

Open seats that changed hands

Extended content
Party Candidate Incumbent retiring from the House Riding Won by Party
 Progressive Conservative Morrissey Johnson Morrissey Johnson Bonavista—Trinity—Conception Fred Mifflin  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Gordon Lank Melbourne Gass Malpeque Catherine Callbeck  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Jean Gauvin Roger Clinch Gloucester Doug Young  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Reg Jewell George Hees Northumberland Christine Stewart  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Jack Arthur Jack Ellis Prince Edward—Hastings Lyle Vanclief  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Eric J. Cameron Norman Warner Stormont—Dundas Bob Kilger  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Sedluk Bryan Pearson Thomas Suluk Nunatsiaq Jack Iyerak Anawak  Liberal
 Progressive Conservative Valerie Kordyban Lorne McCuish Prince George—Bulkley Valley Brian Gardiner  New Democratic
 Progressive Conservative Geoff Young Allan McKinnon Victoria John F. Brewin  New Democratic
 Independent N/A Tony Roman York North Maurizio Bevilacqua  Liberal

New seats

Old Riding New Riding New seat won by Party
Mississauga North Mississauga East Albina Guarnieri  Liberal
Mississauga North Mississauga West Robert Horner  Progressive Conservative

Results by province

Party name BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE NL NT YK Total
     Progressive Conservative Seats: 12 25 4 7 46 63 5 5 - 2 - - 169
Popular Vote: 35.3 51.8 36.4 36.9 38.2 52.7 40.4 40.9 41.5 42.2 26.4 35.3 43.0
     Liberal Seats: 1 - - 5 43 12 5 6 4 5 2 - 83
Vote: 20.4 13.7 18.2 36.5 38.9 30.3 45.4 46.5 49.9 45.0 41.4 11.3 31.9
     New Democratic Party Seats: 19 1 10 2 10 - - - - - - 1 43
Vote: 37.0 17.4 44.2 21.3 20.1 14.4 9.3 11.4 7.5 12.4 28.3 51.4 20.38
Total seats 32 26 14 14 99 75 10 11 4 7 2 1 295
Parties that won no seats:
Reform Vote: 4.8 15.4   3.3                 2.1
Christian Heritage Vote:   1.1     1.4             2.0 0.8
Rhinoceros Vote:           1.2             0.4
Green Vote:                         0.4
Confederation of Regions Vote:             4.3           0.3
Libertarian Vote:                         0.3
Commonwealth of Canada Vote:           0.2             0.1
Communist Vote:                         0.1
Social Credit Vote:                         xx
  Other Vote:                         0.4

xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote.

Note: Parties that captured less than 1% of the vote in a province are not recorded.

Election milestones

Until the 2011 federal election, the 1988 election was the most successful in the New Democratic Party's history. The party dominated in British Columbia and Saskatchewan, won significant support in Ontario and elected its first (and, until the 2008 election, only) member from Alberta.

This was the second election contested by the Green Party, and it saw a more than 50 percent increase in its vote, but it remained a minor party.

The election was the last for Canada's Social Credit Party. The party won no seats, and won an insignificant portion of the popular vote.

This was the first election for the newly founded Reform Party which for this vote only contested seats in Western Canada. The party at this stage was filled to a large extent with former Socreds along with some former PC supporters disaffected at the perceived lack of support from the Mulroney government for western interests. It was led by Preston Manning, who was himself a one time Socred candidate and the son of longtime Alberta Social Credit premier Ernest Manning.

Reform won no seats and was not yet considered a major party at the national level. However, Deborah Grey would win the first seat for Reform, Beaver River in Alberta, in a by-election held four months later. Grey, who had finished a distant fourth running in the same riding in the general election, succeeded rookie Progressive Conservative MP John Dahmer. Dahmer was in office for only five days before dying of pancreatic cancer.

For the Progressive Conservatives, this was the last federal election they would ever win.

Notes

10 closest ridings

  1. London-Middlesex, ON: Terry Clifford (PC) def. Garnet Bloomfield (Lib) by 8 votes
  2. Northumberland, ON: Christine Stewart (Lib) def. Reg Jewell (PC) by 28 votes
  3. Hamilton Mountain, ON: Beth Phinney (Lib) def. Marion Dewar (NDP) by 73 votes
  4. York North, ON: Maurizio Bevilacqua (Lib) def. Micheal O'Brien (PC) by 77 votes
  5. Rosedale, ON: David MacDonald (PC) def. Bill Graham (Lib) by 80 votes
  6. London East, ON: Joe Fontana (Lib) def. Jim Jepson (PC) by 102 votes
  7. Haldimand-Norfolk, ON: Bob Speller (Lib) def. Bud Bradley (PC) by 209 votes
  8. Hillsborough, PE: George Proud (Lib) def. Thomas McMillan (PC) by 259 votes
  9. Cariboo—Chilcotin, BC: Dave Worthy (PC) def. Jack Langford (NDP) by 269 votes
  10. Vancouver Centre, BC: future Prime Minister Kim Campbell (PC) def. Johanna Den Hertog (NDP) by 269 votes

See also

Articles on parties' candidates in this election:

References

  1. Pomfret, R. "Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums". Elections Canada. Elections Canada. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
  2. Azzi, Stephen (September 28, 2008). "Election of 1988". Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  3. Clarkson 1989, p. 31.
  4. Farnsworth, Clyde (September 20, 1988). "Canadian Pact Voted By Senate". New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  5. Clarkson 1989, p. 30.

Notes

  1. Includes Beaver River MP John Dahmer, who died five days after the election, before being sworn in, with the seat being lost in the subsequent by-election.
  2. Conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden won two majority governments, but the second majority he won in 1917 was when he was leader of the Unionist Party, a party composed of pro-conscription Conservatives and Liberals.

Party platforms

Further reading

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