1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election

The first legislative assembly Election to the Madras state based on universal adult suffrage was held in March 1952. This was the first election held in Madras state after the Indian Independence. This election was officially known as the 1951 Madras State Election, even though through delays, actual voting didn't take place until early 1952.

1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election
2–25 January 1952
All 375 seats in the Legislature of Madras State
188 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
Leader C. Rajagopalachari M. Kalyanasundaram
Party INC CPI
Leader's seat MLC Tiruchirappalli North
Seats won 152 62
Popular vote 6,988,701 2,640,337
Percentage 34.88 13.18
Chief Minister before election

P.S. Kumaraswamy Raja
INC

 Elected Chief Minister

C. Rajagopalachari
INC

Indian administrative divisions, as of 1951

No single party obtained a simple majority to form an independent government. C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) of the Indian National Congress became the Chief Minister after a series of re-alignments among various political parties and Independents. The Telugu speaking regions of Madras state split to form the Andhra state in 1953, leading to the consolidation of the non-Brahmin Congress faction under the leadership of K. Kamaraj. Faced with internal dissent and heavy opposition to his Hereditary education policy, Rajaji resigned in 1954. In the ensuing leadership struggle, Kamaraj defeated Rajaji's chosen successor C. Subramaniam and became the Chief Minister on 31 March 1954.

Background

Factionalism in Congress

In the years after the 1946 election, factionalism was common place in the Congress party in Madras. During 1946–51, three different Congress chief ministers headed the Madras government. T. Prakasam was the Chief Minister of Madras presidency immediately after the 1946 election. As a Telugu speaker, he was often at odds with the Madras Provincial Congress Committee president K. Kamaraj. Kamaraj forced the resignation of Prakasam within a year. In 1947, Omandur Ramaswamy Reddiar, Kamaraj's nominee, became the Chief Minister. When Reddiar showed signs of independence, Kamaraj engineered his removal by a vote of no confidence in Congress Legislature Party on 31 March 1949. P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja, the next Chief Minister who formed the Government on 6 April 1949 was believed to be a stooge of Kamaraj. He retained the chiefministership till the 1952 election when he lost his seat in Srivilliputhur constituency.[1][2] The main factions within the Madras Congress Party during this period were: 1) the Andhra (Prakasam) faction, 2) the Rajaji faction 3) Kamaraj faction (Tamil non-Brahmin members) and 4)the Bezawada Gopala Reddy and Kala Venkata Rao faction supported by the All India Congress Committee president Pattabhi Sitaramayya[3]

The Prakasam faction later split from the Congress to form the Hyderabad State Praja Party. The party merged with the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party in June 1951.

Communists in electoral process

In 1951, the Communist Party of India (CPI) which had been waging an armed struggle during 1948–51, gave up the attempt to wrest power through force and joined the political mainstream. At the 1951 congress of the party, "People's Democracy" was replaced by "National Democracy" as the main slogan of the party and the decision was made to contest the elections. One of the armed movements supported by the CPI was the Telangana Rebellion in the princely state of Hyderabad. Though the rebellion was crushed by 1951, the communists retained widespread support in the neighboring Andhra region. This was due to their policy of linguistic nationalism (the demand for a separate state of Telugu speaking people) and their support base amongst the Kamma caste which was opposed to the Reddy supported Congress. Till then, all the previous elections had been conducted on a limited franchise based on property ownership qualifications. The election of 1951 was the first one to be based on a universal franchise. The Communists had the support of most of the first time voters – landless peasants and agricultural labourers.[4][5][6][7][8] They also had a strong presence in the agrarian district of Tanjore in Tamil Nadu where they were supported by the Dravidar Kazhagam.[9]

Split in the Dravidian Movement

The Dravidar Kazhagam (DK), the main opposition party to the Congress in the Tamil speaking areas of the state split in 1949. C. N. Annadurai, once a protege of the DK leader Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, quit the DK and founded a new party – Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). Both the DK and the DMK were secessionist advocates for Dravidistan- a separate state for Dravidians.[10][11] Some of the old guard of the Justice party, which had been renamed as Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944, refused to accept Periyar's leadership. Led by P. T. Rajan, they insisted they were still the real Justice party and contested the 1952 elections under the "Scales" symbol.

Constituencies

According to the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Madras) Order, 1951, made by the President under sections 6 and 9 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, the Madras Legislative Assembly consisted of 375 seats to be filled by election, distributed in 309 constituencies and 62 two-member constituencies in each of which a seat had been reserved for Scheduled Castes and four two-member constituencies in each of which a seat had been reserved for Scheduled Tribes. Three seats were uncontested. The elections were conducted for the remaining 372 seats.[12]

The two member constituencies were established in accordance to Article 332 of the Indian Constitution. The voting method and the plurality electoral formula were defined in The Representation of People Act, 1950.[13] Out of the total 309 constituencies in the undivided Madras State, 66 were two member constituencies, 62 of which had one seat reserved for Scheduled Caste candidates and 4 for Scheduled Tribe candidates.[14] These constituencies were larger in size and had greater number of voters (more than 1,00,000)[15] when compared to general constituencies. Two separate list of candidates, a general list and a reserved list, contested in those constituencies. Each voter had to cast two votes – one for each list.

The two winners were chosen as follows:

  • Reserved Member – Candidate with the most votes among the reserved (SC/ST) list candidates
  • General Member – Candidate with the most votes among the rest of the candidates excluding the Reserved Member (including both reserved and general lists).

This system led to anomalies. In some cases like the Coimbatore – II constituency in the 1957 election, both elected members belonged to the reserved list – the candidate with second highest number of votes in reserved list secured more votes than the highest vote getter in the general list. Multiple members were elected only in the 1952 and 1957 elections as double member representation was abolished in 1961 by the enactment of Two-Member Constituencies Abolition Act (1961).[16]

Political parties

The main opponents for the Congress in Madras were the CPI, Prakasam's Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party (KMPP) and the Krishikar Lok Party led by N. G. Ranga (a breakaway group from KMPP's predecessor - the Hyderabad State Praja Party). The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) did not contest the 1952 election. Instead it supported the candidates of the Vanniyar caste based parties – the Commonweal Party and the Tamil Nadu Toilers Party – and five independents in Chengelpet, Salem, North and South Arcot districts. The candidates they backed had to sign a pledge to support DMK's agenda in the legislative assembly.[10][17] The Dravidar Kazhagam also did not participate directly in the election. However, it supported the Communists in an effort to defeat the Indian National Congress which it claimed was a Brahmin dominated party. It also supported a number of other parties and Independents in the election.[9][18] The Justice party, led by P. T. Rajan contested in nine seats.

Election

Polling was held in nine phases (2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 21 and 25 January) in January 1952.[19] In all, 2,507 persons filed their nominations-2,472 men and 35 women. Of these, the nominations were rejected in respect of 79 candidates-78 men and one woman. Seven hundred and fifty-one candidates withdrew their nominations in time-741 men and 10 women.[12]

Results

Summary of results of the 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election[20]
Political partyFlagSeats
Contested		Won % of
Seats		VotesVote % Govt.
Formation
Indian National Congress 36715240.5369,88,70134.88 Leading Party
Socialist Party 163133.4712,99,2826.48
Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party 148359.3318,03,3779.00 **Full support
Communist Party of India 1316216.5326,40,33713.18
Krishikar Lok Party# 63154.006,29,8933.14 *Outside support,
joined the cabinet
in 1954
Republican Party of India 3720.533,39,6801.70
Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party* 34195.078,52,3304.25
Commonweal Party** 1361.602,18,2881.09
Madras State Muslim League Party** 1351.331,86,5460.93 #3 KLP legislators
and
15 Independents
joined Congress
Justice Party 910.2782,2310.41
All India Forward Bloc 630.801,38,2030.69
Independent# 6676216.5347,58,76823.75
Total seats 375Voters3,66,00,615Turnout 2,00,38,423 (54.75%)

Government formation

Election of C. Rajagopalachari
Main article: Chief Ministership of Rajagopalachari

The composite Madras State then included parts of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka with a total of 375 assembly members. The Indian National Congress was reduced to a minority with 152 members in an assembly of 375. It won 4 seats from the 29 in Malabar, 43 of the 143 in the Andhra areas, 96 of the 190 Tamil constituencies and 9 of the 11 seats from Kannada speaking areas. Kumaraswami Raja, the incumbent Chief Minister lost the election along with five members of his cabinet (Bezawada Gopala Reddy, Kala Venkata Rao, K. Chandramouli, K. Madhava Menon and M. Bhaktavatsalam).[21][22]

A large number of CPI members were elected from Andhra region of Madras state which had for some years demanded a separate state for Telugu speaking areas. In February 1952, the non-congress members convened under T. Prakasam, leader of the KMPP, at Madras to form the United Democratic Front (UDF) and issued a "Common Minimum Program". They claimed to control 166 seats (CPI and CPI backed independents – 70, KMPP – 36, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party – 19, Commonweal party – 6, FBL (MG) – 3, SCF – 1, JUSP −1 and Independents – 30). Prakasam wrote to the Governor Sri Prakasa staking his claim to form the Government as the leader of the single largest formation. The Congress did not want the Communists taking power or to impose Governor's rule in the state. It brought Rajaji out of retirement to form the Government as a consensus candidate.[21][23][24][25] Kamaraj, President of the Madras Provincial Congress Committee was of the opinion that the UDF should be allowed to form the Government as he had predicted the weak coalition might eventually fall apart. However other leaders such as T. T. Krishnamachari and Ramnath Goenka wanted Rajaji to be nominated to form the Government.[26]

Rajaji was invited by Sri Prakasa to form the Government on 1 April 1952 and was sworn in on 10 April 1952. He refused to run for a by-election and the Governor nominated him for the assembly's upper house (Legislative Council). It was considered to be a "constitutional impropriety" as the nomination of a member to the Council could be done only at the recommendation of the cabinet. But in this case, the Governor acted unilaterally when no cabinet had been formed yet.[2][22][27] On 6 May, the incumbent Speaker of the assembly, J. Shivashanmugam Pillai of the Congress was reelected as the Speaker defeating independent MLA Swayamprakasam by 206 votes to 162.[28] On 3 July, Rajaji was able to win a vote of confidence with the support of 200 members with 151 opposing (and 1 neutral).[29][30][31][32] This was the first time such a "confidence motion" was moved in any legislature in India.[33] He was able to secure the majority by engineering a series of defections from the UDF and with the help of other parties:

  • The support of the 6 members of Commonweal Party, (one of the two parties representing the cause of Vanniars) was obtained by giving a cabinet position to its leader – M. A. Manickavelu Naicker. 19 members of the other Vanniyar party – Tamil Nadu Toilers Party led by S. S. Ramasami Padayachi also supported the vote of confidence but did not join the cabinet. (They later joined the Kamaraj cabinet in 1954).[10][34][35]
  • Many independents joined Congress and became Congress Legislators. The strength of the Congress Legislative Party (CLP) which was 152 on 1 April 1952, increased to 165 by 3 May and to 167 by 30 September.[36]
  • Rajaji split the Krishikar Lok Party and KLP legislators P. Thimma Reddy, Neeladri Rao Reddy and Kumisetti Venkatanarayana Dora joined the Congress.[37][38]
  • The 5 members of the Madras State Muslim League provided their support to congress to prevent the communists from gaining power.[39]

Election of K. Kamaraj

Andhra State was formed from the Telugu-speaking regions of Madras State after a widespread agitation in 1953. The Madras assembly was reduced from 375 to 230, 140 members going to Andhra and 5 to Mysore with the Congress Party controlling 118 seats; an outright majority.[29] This strengthened the positions of non-Brahmin Congress forces under the leadership of K. Kamaraj. He ousted Rajaji on 31 March 1954 and was elected the leader of Congress Legislative Party. Kamaraj consolidated his position by offering ministerial position to leaders of Tamil Nadu Toilers Party and Commonweal Party. This event marked the end of Brahmin domination in Tamil Nadu Congress.[40]

Impact

Kamaraj resigned his presidency of the Provincial Congress Committee owning responsibility for the election loss and was soon replaced by P. Subbarayan.[26] Rajaji's nomination to the Legislative Council was challenged in the Madras High Court by P. Ramamurthi, the CPI MLA from Madurai North Constituency. Chief Justice Rajamannar and Justice Venkatarama Ayyar, who heard the public interest writ petition declined to intervene by opining that "the court could not decide political rights or enforce public interest or constitutional conventions".[41] This precedent set by Governor Prakasa became the first among a long list of constitutional improprieties committed by governors to help the party in power in the central government. The Sarkaria Commission established in 1983 to examine the balance of power between state and central governments remarked on the precedent that the "Governor's task is to see that a government is formed and not to try to form a government which will pursue the policies he approves".[27]

Cabinet

Rajagopalachari's Cabinet
Minister Portfolio[42]
C. Rajagopalachari Chief Minister, Public and Police
A. B. Shetty Health
C. Subramaniam Finance, Food and Elections
K. Venkataswamy Naidu Religious Endowments and Registration
N. Ranga Reddi Public Works
M. V. Krishna Rao Education, Harijan Uplift and Information
V. C. Palanisami Gounder Prohibition
U. Krishna Rao Industries, Labour, Motor Transport, Railways, Posts, Telegraphs and Civil Aviation
R. Nagana Gowda Agriculture, Forests, veterinary, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries and Cinchona
N. Sankara Reddi Local Administration
M. A. Manickavelu Naicker Land Revenue
K. P. Kuttikrishnan Nair Courts, Prisons and Legal Department
Raja Sri Shanmuga Rajeswara Sethupathi House Rent Control
S. B. P. Pattabhirama Rao Rural Welfare, Commercial Taxes and Scheduled areas
D. Sanjeevayya Cooperation and Housing
Changes
  • Ministers belonging to Bellary and Andhra constituencies (Naganna Gowda, Sankara Reddi, Pattabirama Rao, Sanjeevayya and Ranga Reddi) stepped down on 30 September 1953, a day before Andhra State split to form a separate state.[43] The portfolios of Agriculture, Forests, Fisheries, Cinchona, Rural Welfare, Community Projects and National Extension Schemes were handed over to M. Bhaktavatsalam on 9 October 1953. Jothi Venkatachalam was made minister for Prohibition and Women's Welfare. K. Rajaram Naidu became the Minister for Local Administration. C. Subramaniam was given the additional portfolios of education, information and publicity. V. C. Palaniswamy Gounder was put in charge of Veterinary, Animal Husbandry and Harijan welfare.[44]

Kamaraj's Cabinet

Members of cabinet who served between 13 April 1954 – 13 April 1957 under the Chief Ministership of Kamraj are

Minister Portfolio
K. Kamaraj Chief Minister; Minister of Public and Police in the Home Department
A. B. Shetty Minister in charge of medical and public health, cooperation, housing and ex-servicemen
M. Bhaktavatsalam Minister in charge of Agriculture, Forests, Fisheries, Cinchona, Rural Welfare, Community Projects, National Extension Scheme, Women's Welfare, Industries and Labour and Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
C. Subramaniam Minister in charge of Finance, Food, Education, Elections and Information and Publicity and Law (Courts and Prisons)
M. A. Manickavelu Naicker Minister in charge of Land Revenue and Commercial Taxes and Rural Development.
Raja Sri Shanmuga Rajeswara Sethupathi Minister in charge of Public Works, Accommodation Control, Engineering Colleges, Stationery and Printing including Establishment questions of the Stationery Department and the Government Press
B. Parameswaran Minister in charge of Transport, Harijan Uplift, Hindu Religious Endowments, Registration and Prohibition
S. S. Ramasami Padayachi Minister in charge of Local Administration
Changes
  • Following the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, A. B. Shetty quit the Ministry on 1 March 1956 and his portfolio was shared between other ministers in the cabinet.

List of elected members

Tamil Nadu

Election results from constituencies which would later become part of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka are listed here.

* Non-elected Chief Minister of Madras State
Constituency Winner Party Runner-up Party
Nominated C. Rajagopalachari INC
Adirampattinam 1) S. Venkatarama Iyer
2) V. Vairavathevar		 INC
INC		 K. Muthiah
Uncontested		 CPI
Uncontested
Aduthurai Narayanaswami Naidu INC Samiappa Mudaliar JUSP
Alangulam Chinnathambi INC Thangarathnasamy Nadar IND
Ambasamudram P. Chockalingam IND Lakshmisankara Iyer INC
Arakkonam Bhakthavathsalu Naidu IND Vedachalam INC
Arantangi Mahamad Salihu Maraicair INC Ramaswamy Thevar IND
Arcot S. Panchaksharam Chettiar INC Nagarathinam CWP
Aravakurichi N. Rathina Gounder IND T. M. Nallaswamy INC
Ariyalur Palaniandi IND Razar INC
Arni V. K. Kannan CWP W. S. Srinivasa Rao INC
Aruppukottai Jayarama Reddiar INC M. D. Ramaswami IND
Authoor Soundaram Ramachandran INC V. S. S. Mani Chettiar IND
Attur P. Subramaniam IND P. Sellamuthu Padayachi INC
Chengalpattu K. Vinayakam KMPP V. L. Raja INC
Bhavani B. K. Nallaswami INC N. Palaniswamy Gounder TTP
Bhuvanagiri V. Krishnaswamy Padayachi INC S. Tiruvenkata Nainar TTP
Chengam Ramaswami Gounder CWP Muthukrishna Chettiar INC
Cheranmahadevi S. Chellapandi INC S. Dasaratharam SP
Cheyyar Dharmalinga Nayakar CWP P. Ramachandran INC
Chidambaram 1) Swami Sahajananda
2) Vagheesan Pillai		 INC
INC		 3) Swamikannu
4) Sivasubramanian		 TTP
TTP
Choolai Sebastian Cyril Constantine Anthony Pillai SP D. K. Kannappar INC
Coimbatore C. Subramaniam INC C. P. Kandaswamy CPI
Cuddalore 1) Rathinam
2) Sivachidambara Ramaswami Padayachi		 TTP
TTP		 3) Srinivasa Padayachi
4) Ganesan		 INC
INC
Cumbum P. T. Rajan JUSP S. K. Ahmed Meeran INC
Dharapuram Senapathi Gounder IND Nataraja Gounder INC
Dharmapuri P. R. Rajagopla Gounder IND R. S. Veerappa Chettiar IND
Dindigul Munisamy Pillai INC A. Balasubramaniam CPI
Edappadi S. Arthanareeswara Gounder INC S. Marimuthu Gounder TTP
Edirkottai R. Krishnasamy Naidu INC Muthuramanujam IND
Erode Raju CPI Deivasigamani Gounder INC
Gingee Aranganathan TTP K. Ramakrishnaswamy Pillai INC
Gopichettipalayam P. S. Nalla Gounder INC P. K. Nalla Gounder IND
Gudiyatham 1) A. J. Arunachala Mudaliar
3) Rathnaswamy		 INC 2) P. S. Rajagopala Naidu
4) Kannabiran		 IND
CPI
Harbour Krishna Rao INC Ibrahim Sahib IND
Harur 1) A. Duraiswami Gounder
2) Nanjappan		 IND
INC		 3) Sambasiva Reddy
4) Mariappan		 INC
SCF
Hosur M. Muni Reddy IND K. Appavu Pillai INC
Jayankondan 1) Ayyavu
2) K. R. Viswanathan		 TTP
TTP		 3) Muthukumaraswamy Mudaliar
4) Raghupathi		 INC
INC
Kadambur Venugopala Krishnaswamy INC Subbiah Naicker IND
Kalasapakkam Nataraja Mudaliar IND Periasami Gounder INC
Kallakurichi 1) Elaya Pillai
2) Anandan		 IND
INC		 3) Govindan
4) Parthasarathy		 TTP
INC
Kancheepuram Deivasigamani KMPP P. S. Srinivasan INC
Kangayam A. K. Subbaraya Gounder INC Not contested Not contested
Karaikudi Chockalingam Chettiar INC Mahalingam Chettiar IND
Karur 1) M. Manickasundaram
3) T. V. Sannasi		 IND
INC		 2) S. Muthusamy Gounder
4) Vadivel Moopan		 INC
IND
Kodumudi Nallasivan SP Makutapathy Gounder INC
Koilpalaya V. K. Palaniswamy Gounder INC Ramaswamy Naidu SP
Kovilpatti Ramasamy INC Shanmugham IND
Krishnagiri D. Krishnamoorthy Gounder IND S. Nagaraia Maniar INC
Kumbakonam Varadan INC Somu Rao CPI
Lalgudi Raja Chidambaram IND Varadarajan INC
Manamadurai Krishnaswami Ayyangar INC Abdul Gafoor CPI
Madukkarai R. Kuppuswami INC Chinnadurai SP
Madurai North P. Ramamoorthy CPI T. Chidambara Bharathi INC
Madurai South T. K. Rama INC A. Dharmaraj Santhosam IND
Madurantakam 1) B. Parameswaran
2) V. Venkatasubba Reddi		 INC
INC		 3) K. Muthulinga Reddiar
4) Kothandarama Reddiar		 REP
SP
Manachanallur Rajagopal INC Arunachalam IND
Manapparai Antony Peter INC Kulandaivel IND
Mannargudi 1) M. Kandaswami
3) Subbiah		 CPI
CPI		 2) Ramachandra Naidu
4) Thiagu Voikarar		 INC
INC
Mayuram 1) K. R. Sambandan
2) A. Veloo		 IND
IND		 K. Pitchai
N. Rangaswami Reddiar		 INC
INC
Mecheri S. Subramania Gounder INC M. Kandasamy Kandan IND
Melmalayur V. Gopala Gounder TTP K. Gopala Gounder INC
Melur 1) S. Chinnakaruppa Thevar
2) P. Sivaprakasam		 INC
INC		 3) B. Ponnuchami Ambalam
4) K. Veerana Veduvan		 FBL(MG)
CPI
Mettupalayam Kempi Gounder IND Azad Abdul Salam INC
Mudukulathur 1) Mottaya Kudumban
2) U. Muthuramalingam Thevar		 FBL(MG)
FBL(MG)		 3) Sankaran
4) Shanmuga Sundaram		 INC
Musiri Thangavelu IND M. P. Krishnaswami INC
Mylapore C. R. Ramaswamy INC Krishnamurthi IND
Nagapattinam 1) Sivaraj
2) Vadivelu		 CPI
CPI		 3) Duraisamy
4) Shanmugasundaram Pillai		 INC
INC
Namakkal 1) K. V. Ramaswamy
2) M. P. Periaswami		 CPI
INC		 3) T. Sivagnanam Pillai
4) S. Chinnayan		 INC
IND
Nambiyur 1) P. G. Karuthiruman
2) P. G. Manickam		 INC
INC		 3) C. K. Subramaniam Gounder
4) K. A. Palaniappan		 IND
SCF
Nanguneri M. G. Sankar Reddiyar INC Madaswamy IND
Nannilam 1) Muthukumaraswami
2) Thyagaraja Pillai		 INC
INC		 3) Anthony Muthu
4) Kalyanasundaram Pillai		 CPI
CPI
Nidamangalam Venkatesa Sholagar CPI Sambasiva Ayyar INC
Nilakottai 1) Ayyanar
2) Muthu Thevar		 INC
INC		 3) Ponniah Konar
4) Govindan		 IND
SP
Nilgiris 1) Ari Gowder
2) K. H. Bomman		 IND
INC		 3) R. Raman Nair
4) C. P. Krishnaiah		 INC
IND
Oddanchatram Subramanya Lakshmipathy Naicker IND K. Karuthappa Gounder INC
Omalur P. Rathinaswami Pillai IND K. Nanjappa Chettiar INC
Panruti S. Radhakrishnan TTP P. A. Ranganatha Padayachi INC
Palani M. P. Mangala Gounder IND P. S. K. Lakshmipathi Raju INC
Palavoor T. Ganapathy INC N. Duraipandi KMPP
Papanasam Swayamprakasam IND Abdul Majid Sahib INC
Paramakudi Govindan INC Natarajan CPI
Paramathy R. Rangaswami Gounder IND P. V. Kuppayandi Pillai INC
Pattukottai Nadimuthu Pillai INC Marimuthu SP
Pennagaram S. Kandaswami Gounder TTP M. N. Raja Chettiar IND
Perambalur 1) Paramasivam
3) Palanimuthu		 IND
TTP		 2) Thangavelu
4) Pariannan		 TTP
IND
Perambur S. Pakkirisami Pillai SP M. Santhosam INC
Periyakulam 1) V. Muthu
2) Mookayya Thevar		 INC
FBL(MG)		 3) N. R. Thyagarajan
4) Ponnuchami		 INC
SP
Pollachi 1) N. Mahalingam
2) P. K. Thirumurthy		 INC
INC		 3) Marudachalam
4) Palanisami		 CPI
CPI
Polur Manickavelu Naicker CWP Annamalai Chetty INC
Ponneri 1) O. Chengam Pillai
2) Gajapathi Reddiar		 KMPP
KMPP		 3) M. Bhaktavatsalam
4) C. Lakshmana Pillai		 INC
INC
Pudukkottai Balakrishnan TTP Natesan Ambalakkarar INC
Ramanathapuram Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathy INC Rajamanickam CPI
Ranipet Kadir Sheriff INC Munuswami Gounder CWP
Rasipuram T. M. Kaliannan INC K. Ramaswamy IND
Saidapet 1) T. P. Elumalai
2) N. Ramakrishna Iyer		 INC
INC		 3) R. Kannan
4) M. S. Gnanaprakasam		 REP
KMPP
Salem Rural C. Lakshma Kandan INC A. Subramaniam TTP
Salem Town Varadarajulu Naidu INC Mohan Kumaramangalam CPI
Saliyamangalam Samia Koorayar IND Krishnaswami Vanayar INC
Sankaranarayanar Kovil 1) Ramasundara Karunalaya Pandyan
3) Urkavalan		 IND
INC		 2) K. Sattanatha Karayalar
4) O. Sappani		 INC
IND
Sathankulam Kosalram IND Meganathan IND
Sattur S. Ramaswami Naidu INC Rajarathnam IND
Sedapatti Thinakaraswami Thevar INC Kamana Thevar SP
Sholinghur M. Subramanya Naicker CWP V. M. Ramaswamy Mudaliar INC
Sirkazhi C. Muthia Pillai INC K. Swamithurai Annagar CPI
Sivaganga R. V. Swaminathan INC Velayutham Chettiar KMPP
Sriperumbudur T. Shanmugam IND Seshachari INC
Srirangam Chitrambalam CPI Srinivasan INC
Srivilliputhur 1) D. K. Raja
3) A. Vaikuntam		 IND
INC		 2) P. S. Kumaraswami Raja
4) K. Arumugha Perumal		 INC
IND
Talavasal A. Sambasivam INC M. Gopala Chetty IND
Tenkasi Subramaniam Pillai INC Sevagupandia Thevar IND
Thanjavur 1) M. Marimuthu
2) S. Ramalingam		 INC
CPI		 3) R. Swaminatha Mercondar
4) R. Shanmugan		 INC
IND
Thirumangalam K. Rajaram INC T. Manickavasakam KMPP
Thondamuthur Palaniswami Gounder INC Perumal SP
Thousand lights 1) Venkataswami Naidu
2) Sivashanmugam Pillai		 INC
IND		 3) Indirani Balasubramaniam
4) Marthandam Pillai		 JUSP
SP
Thuraiyur P. Rangaswami Reddiar IND A. V. Rangaswami INC
Tindivanam 1) M. Jagannathan
2) Venugopala Gounder		 TTP
TTP		 3) Balasundaram
4) Venkatakrishna Reddiar		 INC
INC
Tiruchendur 1) Adityan
2) V. Arumugam		 KMPP
INC		 3) Subramanya Adithan
4) Pitchu		 INC
SP
Tiruchengode 1) S. Arumugham
2) T. S. Arthanari		 IND
CPI		 3) Radhabai Subbarayan
4) V. K. Ramaswamy		 INC
INC
Tiruchirapalli (North) M. Kalayanasundaram CPI G. Ramaswami INC
Tiruchirapalli (South) Ramasamy INC Vaiyapuri Sholayar IND
Tirukkoyilur 1) T. D. Muthukumaraswamy Naidu
2) A. Muthuswami		 TTP
TTP		 3) Kulasekara Dass
4) M. Rajagopal		 INC
INC
Tirumayam 1) Palaniyappan
3) Chinnayyaa		 INC
TTP		 2) Avudayappan Ambalakkarar
4) Sambasiva Moopan		 KMPP
INC
Tirunelveli 1) Arumugan
2) S. N. Somayajulu		 INC
INC		 3) P. S. Subramania Pillai
4) Shanmugam		 IND
CPI
Tiruppur Arumugam
Rangaswami Naidu		 INC Mathivanam
Ramaswami		 CPI
Tirupattur (41) E. L. Raghava Mudali IND R. C. Samanna Gounder INC
Tiruppattur 194 Muthiah Chettiar IND Veerabhadran CPI
Tirupporur M. R. Ramachandran INC S. Murugesa Mudaliar REP
Thiruvadanai Chelladurai IND Arumugam Servai INC
Tiruvallur 1) M. Dharmalingam
2) V. Govindaswamy Naidu		 KMPP
KMPP		 3) N. Eagambara Mudaliar
4) V. S. Arunachalam		 INC
INC
Thiruvannamalai 1) Ramachandra Reddiar
2) Thangavelu		 INC
INC		 3) Vadivelu Gounder
4) T. V. Devaraja Mudaliar		 CWP
IND
Triplicane A. M. Sambandam INC M. S. Abdul Majeed IND
Tuticorin J. L. P. Roche Victoria INC K. V. P. Swamy IND
Uddanappalli P. N. Munuswamy INC A. N. Nallappa Reddy KMPP
Udumalpet Mounaguruswami Naidu INC Thangavelu CPI
Ulundurpet M. Kandaswamy Padayachi INC Natesa Gounder TTP
Uthamapalayam A. S. Subbaraj INC Muthaiah SP
Uthiramerur V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar INC Duraisami Naicker KMPP
Uthukuli Palaniswami IND Kandasami Gounder INC
Vadamadurai Chinnaswamy Naidu INC Srinivasan SP
Valappady P. Kandasamy Gounder IND B. A. Rajarathnam INC
Vandavasi 1) Somasundara Gounder
2) Dasarathnam		 CWP
SCF		 3) Ramanuja Reddiar
4) Velayuthapani		 INC
INC
Vaniyambadi A. K. Hanumantharaya Gounder IND M. Erusan CWP
Vedasandur V. Madanagopal CPI M. R. Krishnaswamy Reddiar INC
Vellore 1) A. K. Masilamani Chettiar
3) H. M. Jagnanathan		 INC
INC		 2) R. Radhakrishnan
4) K. R. Sundaram		 CWP
CPI
Vikravandi Govindaswamy Nayagar TTP Bashyam Reddiar INC
Vilathikulam P. Selvaraj INC Sankaralingam IND
Villupuram Nagarajan TTP S. D. Chinnas INC
Virudhunagar V. V. Ramaswamy IND Sankarapandia Nadar INC
Vridachalam 1) Paramasivam
3) Kathimuthu		 TTP
TTP		 2) Narayanaswamy Pillai
4) Vedamanickam		 INC
INC
Wasermanpet Jeevanandam CPI Radhakrishnan Pillai INC

Andhra
Constituency Winner Party Runner-up Party
Salur Kumisetti Venkatanarayana Dora KLP Alur Yorukumaiudu INC
Cheepurupalli Thaddi Chinna Atchanaidu IND Mudundi Satyanarayanaraju IND
Bobbili Kolli Venkata Kuruni Naidu SP Kothagiri Seetharamaswami INC
Parvathipuram Vyricherla Durgaprasad Veerabhadra Deo Bahadur INC Cheekati Parasuram Naidu KLP
Srikakulam Killi Appala Naidu KLP Kavali Narayana KLP
Honjaram Peesuputi Pundareekakshacharyulu KLP Chelikani Sreeranganayakulu IND
Palakonda Palavasa Sangam Naiudu INC Moosala Rajaratnam Naiudu KLP
Narasannapeta H. Satyanarayana Dora INC Kasira Basava Raju KMPP
Pathapatnam Lukulapu Lakshmanadas INC Darapu Govindarajulu CPI
Tekkali Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora IND Bandi Kurmanna INC
Sompeta Gouthu Latchanna KLP Pothuru Swamy Babu INC
Ichapuram Neeladri Rao Reddy KLP Harihara Patnaik IND
Vizianagaram Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju SP Gantlana Suryanarayana SP
Bheemunipatnam Kaligotla Suryanarayana IND J. V. K. Vallabha Rao CPI
Alamanda K. V. Padmanabha Raju SP G. B. Appa Rao INC
Srungavarapukota C. V. Somayajulu SP T. Venkataramanayya INC
Chodavaram Kandarpa Venkataramesam KLP Bhupathiraju Satyanarayana Raju INC
Madugole Bhojinki Gangayya Naidu KLP Ilapakurthy Satyanarayana INC
Visakhapatnam Tenneti Viswanatham KMPP S. Appala Nayudu IND
Paravada Mullapadi Veerabhadram CPI Gothimukkla Jagannatha Raju IND
Anakapalle Koduganti Govinda Rao CPI Villuri Venkataramana KLP
Yelamanchili Pappala Bapunaiudu KLP Missule Suryanarayanamoorthy INC
Payakaraopeta Raja Sagi Suryanarayana Raju IND Sunkari Appala Naiudu INC
Golugonda 1) Killada Ramamurthy
2) Kankipatti Veerana Padal		 KLP
KLP		 Puthala Latdha Patrudu INC
Bhadrachalam 1) Karam Bapanna Dora
2) Y. Venkata Krishna Rao		 KMPP
KMPP		 1) Varsavyi Venkata Thirupathi Raju
2) Sivasam Bojji Dora
Tuni Raja Vatsavaya Venkata Krishnam Raju Bahadur INC Yenumula Venkanna Dora KMPP
Pithapuram R. V. Jagga Rao CPI R. Atachayya Rao INC
Peddapuram Thota Ramaswami INC D. V. Subba Rao IND
Burugupudi N. Venkatarama Rao KLP Marina Narasanna INC
Rajamundry Chitturi Prabhakara Chowdary CPI K. L. Narasimha Rao INC
Kakinada Chittajallu Venkata Krishna Rao CPI Kanteti Mohana Rao CPI
Ramachandrapuram Kakarlapudi Rajagopalanarasaraju KMPP Mallipudi Pallanraju INC
Anaparti Padala Satyanarayana Reddi INC P. Venkata Rao CPI
Pamarru S. B. P. Pattabhi Rama Rao INC P. Panasaramanna CPI
Amalapuram Nadimpalli Ramabhadra Raju KMPP Bojja Appalaswami SCF
Razole Alluri Venkataramaraju and Ganji Nagaswara Rao CPI Akula Buliswami KMPP
Chintalapudi Motaparithi Kunerao CPI Kamadana Venkatarama Surya Prakasa Rao INC
Eluru Garapaty Satyanarayana CPI Mulpuri Rengayya INC
Tadepalligudem C. S. Varaparasadamurthiraju INC Kilambi Venkata Krishnavataram KMPP
Alampuram Pasala Suryachandra Rao KMPP Thumalapalli Satyanarayanamurthy INC
Undi Dantuluri Narayana Raju INC Gottumukkala Venkata Raju CPI
Bhimavaram Bhupathiraju Subbaraju KMPP Nimmala Sangaiah Naidu INC
Narsapur Padela Symasundara Rao CPI Bhupathiraju Lakshminarasaraju CPI
Tanuku Chitturu Indrayya KMPP Chitturi Subba Rao INC
Penugonda Dwarampudi Basivireddy KMPP Nadimipilli Tirupathiraju INC
Kovvur 1) Pinnamaneeni Sreeramachandra Rao CPI 2) Alluri Bapineedu INC
Jaggayapeta Pillalamarvi Venkateswarlu CPI Bandi Timpatayya INC
Vijayavada Tammina Potharaju CPI Maru Pilla Chetti INC
Kanchikacherla Vasireddi Rama Rao CPI Kakani Venkatratnam INC
Tiruvur Peta Rama Rao CPI Peta Bappaiah INC
Kankipadu Myneni Lakshmanaswamy CPI Edupuganti Bala Veeraghavayya KLP
Nuzvid Raja Meka Rangayya Appa Rao Bahadur INC P. V. Raghavayya IND
Gudivada 1) Gungi Rama Rao
2) Katragadia Rajagopala Rao		 CPI
CPI		 3) A. Gopalakrishnayya
4) Mangalagiri Ramdasu		 IND
INC
Kaikalur Adusnmolli Venkatasubramanyam INC Atluri Purnachalapathi Rao CPI
Divi 1) Chandra Ramalingaiah
2) Guntur Bapanayya		 CPI
CPI		 3) Sreemanthu Raja Yarlagadda Sivaram Prasad Bahadur
4) Gattipati Brahmayya		 IND
INC
Bandar G. Anjeneyulu CPI R. Achyawnamaiah INC
Vinukonda Pulupula Venkatasivaiah CPI Paladugu Nagaiah Chowdhary IND
Palnad Kola Subba Reddy CPI Kasu Brahmananda Reddy INC
Bellamkonda Mandava Bapaiah Chowdary IND Bojja Adinarayana Rao INC
Narasaraopet N. Nallapati Venkataramiah KMPP Kasu Vengal Reddy INC
Chilakaluripet Karnam Ranga Rao CPI Balineni Nagaiah INC
Sattenpallo V. Gopalakrishniah IND Jetti Ankamma IND
Mangalagiri Darsi Lakshmiah CPI Imgilapati Govinda Rao KLP
Guntur Nadimpalli Venkatalakshmi Narasimha Rao KMPP Yangalasetry Tirupattayya CPI
Prathipadu Tamma Kotamma Reddy INC Managva Seshayya CPI
Duggirala A. Rami Reddi INC K. Kotaiah CPI
Tenali Alapati Venkataramiah INC Rivissatyanarayana KLP
Amarthalur Gorikupudi Joseph CPI Velunolu Seetharamiah INC
Repalle M. Hanumantha Rao CPI Kalluri Chandramouli INC
Bapatla Vemmulapalli Srikrishna INC Nankena Venkataraju CPI
Ponnur Kolla Venkaiah CPI Coginam Lakshminarayana KLP
Chirala Pragada Kotaiah KMPP Uthukuri Upendra Gupta IND
Ongole Kasukurthi Malakondiah CPI Madala Narayannaswami CPI
Gudur Pelleti Gopalakrishna Reddy INC Katamareddy Raja Rami Reddy IND
Venkatagiri Padileti Venkatasami Reddy INC Katikinani Kalyan Rao KLP
Rapur D. Dasaratharamiah Naidu INC Ganga Ramanaiah CPI
Nellore 1) Khandavalli Krishna Rao
2)Swarna Vemayya		 IND
IND		 3) Anam Chenchu Subba Reddy
4) Ponnaluru Veera Raghava Reddi		 INC
IND
Kovur Basavareddy Sankarayya CPI B. Seshu Reddy INC
Atmakur Ganga China Kondayya IND Gangavarapu Thirupathi Naidu INC
Kavali B. Ramakrishna Reddy KMPP R. Dasaratharami Reddy INC
Udayagiri Kovi Ramayya Chowdary KMPP Bezawada Gopala Reddy INC
Kanigiri Gujjala Yellamanda Reddy CPI Devi Reddi Lakhmireddy INC
Kandukur 10 Nalamothu Chenchurama Naidu
2) Kamatham Shanmugham		 INC
INC		 3) Chukka Kottilingam
4) Guntapalli Venkatasubbiah		 IND
IND
Darsi Sanekomma Kasireddy CPI Ravipathi Mohanada KLP
Markapur N. Venkatayya KLP Yekkali Ramaiah IND
Cumbum Pidathala Ranga Reddy INC Adapala Ramaswamy IND
Nandyal Mallu Subba Reddy IND G. Rami Reddy INC
Koikuntla N. Venkatasubba Reddy SP B. V. Subba Reddy INC
Dhone Venkatasetty Kotrike IND Venkatasubbiah Nivarthi INC
Nandikottur C. Pulla Reddy CPI Subba Reddy INC
Kurnool D. Sanjeevayya INC N. Sankara Reddy INC
Rajampet Panjam Narasimha Reddy CPI Bandam Ratnasabapathi Setti SP
Rayachoti Adinarayana Reddy KMPP Gurjala Reddayya Naidu SP
Cuddapah K. Koti Reddy INC P. Seshiah Chetty IND
Badvel Vedamani Chidanandam IND Bommu Ramareddy INC
Proddatur Kundala Balanarayana Reddy INC Panem Yonamani Reddy KMPP
Kamalupuram Narreddy Sivarami Reddy CPI Ramalinga Reddy INC
Jammalamodugu Kunda Ramiah KMPP Tatireddi Pullareddy INC
Penukonda Lakshminarayana Reddy IND Chitambara Reddy INC
Hindupur Sivasankara Reddy INC Sreenivasa Reddy KMPP
Madakasira Siddanna Gowd IND Venkatasivamma INC
Kadiri K. V. Vema Reddy INC Y. Papireddy IND
Dharmavaram Srinivasalu Kasetty KMPP Venkatareddy, Gonuguntla INC
Kalyandrug Narayanappa Sanda INC B. Yeniswamy CPI
Tadpatri C. Subbarayudu KMPP J. C. Nagi Reddy INC
Anantapur T. Nagi Reddy CPI N. Sanjeeva Reddy INC
Adoni H. Ramalinga Reddy IND T. Mallayya INC
Rayadurg G. Nagabushanam INC Mullangi Chinna Basappa Chowdary IND
Chattu T. N. Vankatasubba Reddy INC Alluru Narsinga Rao IND
Madanapalle Dodda Seetharamiah CPI Gudreddigari Srinivasareddy IND
Punganur B. Krishnamoorthy Rao INC Varanasi Raghunatha Reddy IND
Pileru P. Thimma Reddy KLP N. Bhaskara Reddy INC
Palamaner Ramabrahaman INC Soma Ram Reddy KLP
Chittoor Chinama Reddy IND N. P. Chengalraya Naidu INC
Tiruttani Kidambi Varadachari INC M. Dorai Kannu INC
Puttur Kumaraswami Rajah Bahadur KMPP R.B. Ramakrishna Raju INC
Kalahasti A. Balarami Reddy INC T. Venkatasubba Rao KLP
Chandragiri A. Adikesavalu Naiud INC V. Raja Reddy IND

Karnataka
Constituency Winner Party Runner-up Party
Coondapur Manjayya Shetty INC Srinivasa Shetty SP
Brahmavar S. S. Kolkabail KMPP Jagjeevandoss Shetty INC
Udipi T. Anantha Pai INC K. Rama Rao KMPP
Karkal A. B. Shetty INC M. Dharmasamarajaya KMPP
Puttur 1) K. Venkataramanna Gowda
2) K. Iswara		 INC
INC		 3) K. Karanth
4) M. Naikker Ramanna		 KMPP
KMPP
Mulky N. N. Suvarna INC Sanjeevanath SP
Mangalore L. C. Pais INC A. Shantha Ram Pai CPI
Panamangalore B. V. Baliga INC D. K. H. Alwa IND
Siruguppa S. Parameswarappa INC S. Ranganna Gowd IND
Kollegal S. C. Virupakshiah INC C. R. Subramani Iyer IND
Bellary M. Gangappa IND A. Sumangalamma INC
Hospet R. Nagana Gowda INC Mahabaleswarappa IND
Kudligi Kotrabasavana Goud IND T. M. Panchakshariah INC
Harpanahalli Sirasappa. Ijari INC K. B. R. Kotra Goud IND

Kerala
Malabar District during 1951 Census (Malabar district along with the Kasargod Region of South Canara district was merged in 1956 with Travancore-Cochin state to form Kerala)
Constituency Winner Party Runner-up Party
Kasaragod M . S . Mogral INC B. K. Sridharan KMPP
Hosdurg (Kanhangad) Narayanan Nambiar KMPP Kunnikannan Nambiar INC
Nattika Gopalakrishnan CPI Raman INC
Ponnani N. Gopala Menon INC K. C. Sankarann INC
E. T. Kunhan CPI A. C. Raman KMPP
Tirur K. Uppi Saheb IUML K. Ahmad Kutty INC
Thrithala K. B. Menon SP P. K. Moideen Kutty INC
Perinthalmanna Kunhimahamad Shafee Kallingal IUML P . Ahmad Kutty Sadhu CPI
Mannarkkad K. C. Gopalanunni IND Kurikal Ahmed IND
Pattambi V . Sankara Narayana Menon KMPP A . Ramachandra Nedungadi INC
Ottapalam M . Narayana Kurup KMPP C . P . Madhavan Nair INC
Palakkad K. ramakrishnan IND P. Vasu Menon INC
Alathur K. Krishnan CPI Y. R. Ramanatha Iyer IND
O. Koran KMPP E. Eacharan INC
Malappuram Miniyadam Chadayan IUML Karupadata Ibrahim INC
Mohammad Haje Seethi IUML Kallayan Kunhambu INC
Kottakkal Chakkeeri Ahmad Kutty IUML Kunjunni Nedumgadi, Ezhuthassan Kalathil INC
Kozhikode K. P. Kutty Krishnan Nair INC E. M. S. Namboodiripad CPI
Chevayur A. Appu INC Ayyadhan Balagopalan KMPP
Wayanad Manyangode Padmanabha Gounder SP Kozhipurath Madhava Menon INC
Chomadi Velukkan SP Veliyan Nocharamooyal INC
Koyilandy Chemmaratha Kunhriramakurup KMPP Anantapuram Patinhare Madam Vasudevan Nair INC
Perambra Kunhiram Kidavu Polloyil KMPP Kalandankutty, Puthiyottil INC
Vadakara Moidu Keloth SP Ayatathil Chattu INC
Nadapuram E . K . Sankara Varma Raja INC K . Thacharakandy CPI
Thalassery C. H. M. Kanaran CPI K. P. M. Raghavan Nair INC
Kuthuparamba Krishna Iyer IND Harindranabham, Kalliyat Thazhathuveethil SP
Mattanur Madhavan Nambiar, Kallorath CPI Subbarao INC
Kannur Kariath Sreedharan KMPP Pamban Madhavan INC
Taliparamba T. C. Narayanan Nambiar CPI V. V. Damodaran Nayanar INC
Payyanur K. P. Gopalan CPI Vivekananda Devappa Sernoy INC

Delimitation and Reorganisation

On 1 October 1953, a separate Andhra State consisting of the Telugu-speaking areas of the composite Madras State was formed and the Kannada-speaking area of Bellary District was merged with the then Mysore State. This reduced the strength of the Legislative Assembly to 231.

On 1 November 1956, Madras State was re-organized as per States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Malabar District of the State was transferred to the new State of Kerala, and a new union territory, Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands, was carved out. The southern part (Tamil-speaking area) of Travancore-Cochin (present day Kanyakumari district) and Shenkottah taluk were merged into the State. Later in 1968, the state was renamed as Tamil Nadu. This led to re-organization of legislative assembly constituencies during 1957 assembly elections in the State.[45]

The strength of the Madras Legislative Assembly was increased to 205 in accordance with the new Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1956, made by the Delimitation Commission of India under the provisions of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956.[14] The 1957 elections were conducted for these 205 seats.

See also

Footnotes and References
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  2. I. N. Tewary (1999). Political system: a micro perspective. New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 13.
  3. Kumar, Prasanna A. (1978). Dr. B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya: a political study. Andhra University Press. p. 96. ISBN 81-7099-619-8.
  4. Namboodiripad, E.M.S. (1994). The Communist Party in Kerala: six decades of struggle and advance. National Book Centre. p. 273.
  5. Welch, Claude Emerson (1980). Anatomy of rebellion. SUNY Press. p. 253. ISBN 0873954416.
  6. Kude, Uttam Laxmanrao (1986). Impact of Communism on the working class and peasantry: a case study of Maharashtra. Daya Books. pp. 173–177. ISBN 8170350271.
  7. Sundarayya, P (2006). Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons. Foundation Books. pp. 102–143. ISBN 8175963166.
  8. Foreign News: Shocking Truth, Time Magazine 10 February 1947
  9. Gough, Kathleen (2008). Rural Society in Southeast India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 141–146. ISBN 978-0-521-04019-8.
  10. "The Decline and Fall of Tamil Seccessionism in India Part 3 by DBS Jeyaraj, The Daily Mirror 10 October 2009". Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
  11. "Celebrating a half century, The Hindu 26 September 1998". Archived from the original on 29 March 2005. Retrieved 15 December 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  12. "A Review of the Madras Legislative Assembly (1952-1957)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2011.
  13. "The Representation of People Act, 1950" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  14. The State Legislature – Origin and Evolution Archived 13 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  15. "Constituent Assembly of India Debates Vol IV, Friday 18 July 1947" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  16. Hasan, Zoya; Sridharan, Eswaran; Sudharshan, R (2005). India's living constitution: ideas, practices, controversies. Anthem Press. pp. 360–63. ISBN 1-84331-136-4.
  17. Robert L. Hardgrave (1964–1965). "The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism". Pacific Affairs. 37 (4): 396–411. doi:10.2307/2755132. JSTOR 2755132.
  18. Lloyd I. Rudolph (May 1961). "Urban Life and Populist Radicalism: Dravidian Politics in Madras". The Journal of Asian Studies. 20 (3): 283–297. doi:10.2307/2050816. JSTOR 2050816. S2CID 145124008.
  19. "DETAILS OF TERMS OF SUCCESSIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES CONSTITUTED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA". Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  20. "Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  21. Baliga, B.S (2000). Madras District Gazetteers: Coimbatore. Superintendent, Govt. Press. pp. 155–6.
  22. T. V. R. Shenoy (22 August 2001). "From Rajaji to Jayalalithaa". Rediff.
  23. Park, Richard Leonard (7 May 1952). "Indian Election Results". Far Eastern Survey. Institute of Pacific Relations. 21 (7): 61–70. doi:10.2307/3024481. JSTOR 3024481.
  24. Deva, Narendra (1999). Selected Works of Acharya Narendra Deva: 1948-1952. Radiant Publishers. p. 409. ISBN 81-7027-176-2.
  25. Walch, James (1976). Faction and front: party systems in South India. Young Asia Publications. p. 160.
  26. P. Kandaswamy (2001). The political career of K. Kamraj. New Delhi: Concept publishing company. p. 50. OL 6874248M.
  27. C. V. Gopalakrishnan (31 May 2001). "Of Governors and Chief Ministers". The Hindu. The Hindu Group. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. Kaliyaperumal, M (1992). The office of the speaker in Tamilnadu : A study (PDF). Madras University. p. 91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011.
  29. "A Review of the Madras Legislative Assembly (1952-1957)" (PDF). Madras-2 Legislative Assembly Department. March 1957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2021.
  30. "A review of the Madras Legislative Assembly 1952–1957" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2011.
  31. Economist, Eastern (1965). Eastern Economist, Annual Number. p. 1172. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  32. Subramaniam, Chidambaram (1993). Hand of destiny: memoirs, Volume 1. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 166. ISBN 9788172760496.
  33. "A Review of the Madras Legislative Assembly (1952–1957) : Section I, Chapter IV" (PDF). Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  34. Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (15 July 1984). The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India. The University of Chicago Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-226-73137-7.
  35. Rao, Ramesh N. (2001). Coalition conundrum: the BJP's trials, tribulations, and triumphs. Har Anand Publications. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9788124108093.
  36. "A review of the Madras Legislative Assembly (1952–1957) Section II" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2011.
  37. Sharma, Sadhna (1995). States politics in India. Mittal Publications. p. 61. ISBN 81-7099-619-8.
  38. Rao, Vadakattu Hanumantha (1983). Party politics in Andhra Pradesh, 1956-1983. ABA Publications. p. 128.
  39. Aziz, Abdul M. (1992). Rise of Muslims in Kerala politics. CBH Publications. pp. 41, 44. ISBN 9788185381251.
  40. James Walch. Faction and front: Party systems in South India. Young Asia Publications. pp. 162–163.
  41. Vaigai Ramamurthi (20 September 2008). "A daughter remembers P. Ramamurti". The Hindu. The Hindu Group. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
  42. "Council of Ministers and their Portfolios (1952–1954)" (PDF). A Review of the Madras Legislative Assembly (1952–1957). Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013.
  43. "A Review of the Madras Legislative Assembly (1952–1957) : Section I" (PDF). Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  44. Justice Party golden jubilee souvenir, 1968. Justice Party. 1968. p. 58.
  45. "Reorganisation of States, 1955" (PDF). The Economic Weekly. 15 October 1955. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
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