1958–1975 Wollo–Tigray famine

The first wave of famine occurred in Tigray Province in 1958, without significant government relief.[4] In 1965/1966, report of the famine in Were Ilu reached the Ministry of the Interior on November 1965, a month after the situation was told to the police without any measure. The information took 320 days to reach the Emperor, who then reinforced the Ministry to respond to local Wollo officials to enlist the victims of the famine. There was also a small relief effort in regard to security problems.[2]

During the years 1958 and 1965/1966, tens of thousands of people were killed during the famine.[5] During the years of 1972/1973, Wollo was struck by famine killing between 40,000 and 80,000 people.[3][6] In response, the government established the Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (RRC) department to reduce future famines and coordinate international assistance.[7] The Wollo famine was widely blamed on drought, however was mainly a result of terrible government response, an impoverished social system, and a cover-up by the government.[8][9]

The famine also affected Afar pastoralists during early 1972.[10][11] The Afars used posture over the large area to support their herds. The drought forced them to move into Tcheffa Valley, on the rift valley escarpment, and pasture along the inland delta of the Awash River where water was abandoned to the desert.[2] The valley was the location of sorghum farmland in the 1960s, where small farmers in its vicinity moved to the area for commerce. Meanwhile, large cotton plantations developed along Awash River. By 1972, 50,000 hectares of irrigated land had displaced 20,000 Afar pastoralists.[12][13] In the early 1970s, the Afar mobility was restricted by supply of weaponry to their neighbor nomads and competitors - the Issa - who were ethnic Somali.[14][15]

The second group who suffered from the severe famine were farmers residing in the middle altitude of north-central Wollo Province, who were tenants. The Raya and Azebo Oromos, who were in a dominant position in opposition during the Woyane Rebellion, experienced land alienation, while others were forced to mortgage or sell their land in response to the distress of harvest failures in the early 1970s.[16] Landlords took advantage of tenants' destitution by forcing them to pay large rents, often in-kind manner. The demand mainly took place by coercion as influential landlords had retinue of armed guards. As a result, the famine area exported grain to the provincial capital, Dessie and to Addis Ababa in 1973.[2]

At the latter point, the peasants and nomads of Wollo began sabotaging the Haile Selassie reputation by starving, and resolved to ignore them.[17][18]

The Wollo famine contributed to Haile Selassie's government collapse, not only the hunger among peasants and nomads, but also swept among the students and middle classes of Addis Ababa. In the early 1970s, there was a peasant revolution involving feudal leaders in each of the northern provinces; the Wollo group revolt was led by a feudal lord Dejazmach Berhane Meskel.[19][20] After the fall of Haile Selassie's government following the Ethiopian Revolution, he destroyed Ethiopian Airlines DC–3 at Lalibela on 14th March 1975.[21][22][23] He again rallied supporters in October after spree killings of the former landlords by peasants and government security officers.[24]

Berhane's forces were eventually defeated by the Derg militia and air force attacks near Woldiya in December 1975, but continued rebellion against the government for years.[2]