1972 West German federal election

The Social-liberal coalition of SPD and FDP had lost its majority after several Bundestag MPs (like former FDP ministers Erich Mende and Heinz Starke or SPD partisan Herbert Hupka) had left their party and become members of the CDU/CSU opposition to protest against Chancellor Willy Brandt's Neue Ostpolitik, especially against the de facto recognition of the Oder-Neisse line by the 1970 Treaty of Warsaw.

Barzel in victory pose at a CDU election rally in Cologne

On 27 April 1972 the opposition had tried to have CDU leader Rainer Barzel elected new chancellor in a motion of no confidence, but Barzel surprisingly missed the majority in the Bundestag by two votes. Rumours that at least one member of CDU/CSU faction had been paid by the East German Stasi intelligence service were confirmed by Markus Wolf, former head of the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung, in 1997. Nevertheless, the following budget debates revealed that the government's majority was lost and only the upcoming organisation of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich delayed the arrangement of new elections. On 22 September 1972 Chancellor Brandt deliberately lost a vote of confidence, allowing President Gustav Heinemann to dissolve the Bundestag the next day.

In the tense campaign, the CDU/CSU attacked Brandt as being too lenient towards Eastern Europe and having the wrong ideas on the economy. SPD and FDP benefited from the enormous personal popularity of the chancellor, laureate of the 1971 Nobel Peace Prize. He gained the support by numerous celebrities of the West German culture and media scene (e.g. Günter Grass), expressed by the slogan Willy wählen! ("Vote for Willy!").

Voter turnout was 91.1%, the highest ever since 1949. In 1970 the voting age had been lowered from 21 to 18.

Party		Party-list			Constituency			Seats
		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Elected	West Berlin	Total	+/–
	Social Democratic Party	17,175,169	45.85	78	18,228,239	48.86	152	230	12	242	+5
	Christian Democratic Union	13,190,837	35.21	112	13,304,813	35.67	65	177	9	186	–15
	Christian Social Union	3,615,183	9.65	17	3,620,625	9.71	31	48	0	48	–1
	Free Democratic Party	3,129,982	8.36	41	1,790,513	4.80	0	41	1	42	+11
	National Democratic Party	207,465	0.55	0	194,389	0.52	0	0	0	0	0
	German Communist Party	113,891	0.30	0	146,258	0.39	0	0	0	0	New
	European Federalist Party	24,057	0.06	0	7,581	0.02	0	0	0	0	0
	Free Social Union	3,166	0.01	0	1,864	0.00	0	0	0	0	0
	Independents and voter groups				9,497	0.03	0	0	0	0	0
Total		37,459,750	100.00	248	37,303,779	100.00	248	496	22	518	0
Valid votes		37,459,750	99.20		37,303,779	98.79
Invalid/blank votes		301,839	0.80		457,810	1.21
Total votes		37,761,589	100.00		37,761,589	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		41,446,302	91.11		41,446,302	91.11
Source: Bundeswahlleiter

The SPD celebrated their best result ever, representing the largest faction in the German parliament for the first time since the 1930 Reichstag elections. It enabled the party to nominate Annemarie Renger for President of the Bundestag; she was the first Social Democrat and also the first woman to hold this office.

Election night: Brandt and Scheel declare victory at 10:20pm

On 14 December 1972 the Bundestag MPs of the social-liberal coalition re-elected Willy Brandt chancellor. His Cabinet Brandt II returned to government the next day, again with FDP chairman Walter Scheel as vice-chancellor and foreign minister. Defeated Rainer Barzel resigned as CDU chairman on 9 May 1973; he was succeeded by Helmut Kohl.

On 7 May 1974, Brandt would resign in the course of the Guillaume Affair, after one of his personal aides had been unmasked as a Stasi agent. The coalition continued under his party fellow Helmut Schmidt, while Brandt remained SPD chairman until 1987.

• Baker, Kendall L.; Norpoth, Helmut (1981). "Candidates on Television: The 1972 Electoral Debates in West Germany". Public Opinion Quarterly. 45 (3): 329–345. doi:10.1086/268668. JSTOR 2748609.

• The Federal Returning Officer
• Psephos