1982 North Yemen earthquake
The 1982 North Yemen earthquake hit near the city of Dhamar, North Yemen (now part of Yemen) on December 13. Measuring 6.2 on the moment magnitude scale, with a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, as many as 2,800 people were killed and another 1,500 injured. The shock occurred within several hundred kilometers of a plate boundary in a geologically complex region that includes active volcanoes and seafloor spreading ridges. Yemen has a history of destructive earthquakes, though this was the first instrumentally recorded event to be detected on global seismograph networks.
  Dhamar Sana'a  | |
| UTC time | 1982-12-13 09:12:51 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 586778 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | December 13, 1982 |
| Local time | 12:12:51 SAST |
| Magnitude | 6.2 Mw[1][2] |
| Depth | 10 km (6.2 mi)[1][2] |
| Epicenter | 14.64°N 44.3°E[1] |
| Type | Dip-slip (normal) |
| Areas affected | Yemen |
| Max. intensity | VIII (Severe)[3] |
| Casualties | 2,800 dead[3] 1,500 injured[4] |
Tectonic setting
The southwestern portion of the Arabian Plate lies adjacent to the Afar Triple Junction (an area of spreading ridges) near the Red Sea. The triple junction marks the intersecting point of the Arabian, African, and Somali plates. Spreading initiated around 5 mya and persists at 6–7.5 mm per year in the southern Red Sea and ~10 mm per year in the eastern Gulf of Aden. Earthquake activity is normally focused at the undersea ridges, but infrequent small to moderate events occur on land in the interior of the Arabian plate within 200–300 km (120–190 mi) of the centerline of the Red Sea in Yemen, as well as farther to the northwest in the 'Asir Region of Saudi Arabia.[5]
Earthquake
The event was a first in several classifications. It was the first instrumentally located earthquake in the southern Arabian Peninsula since 1959 and the first shock that resulted in fatalities since 1941. The earthquake was also the first in the area to be detected teleseismically on the Worldwide Standard Seismograph Network and the Global Digital Seismograph Network.[6]
Because the shock occurred 200 kilometers (120 mi) from the Red Sea Rift, it was described by Langer et al. as a "plate marginal", rather than an intraplate event. Analysis of the source parameters revealed that the main shock was a complex normal faulting event, and consisted of two equal sized shocks, separated by about 12 seconds. It was compared to the 1983 Coalinga and 1984 Morgan Hill earthquakes, both of which were events in California which had similar dual shock characteristics.[6]
Damage
The shallow mainshock occurred in a highly populated area 70 kilometers (43 mi) south of Sana'a. The primary event and its aftershocks created a zone of destruction between Ma'bar and Dhamar, where older villages were heavily damaged, with adobe or rubble masonry homes suffering the most. Homes and villages that were adjacent to steep slopes or cliffs were susceptible to rockfalls and landslides, but damage was much less pronounced away from the epicentral area, and modern city centers with properly engineered structures were only slightly affected.[7]
The National Earthquake Information Center reported that 2,800 people died and that another 1,500 were injured.[4] Other estimates for the total deaths range from 1,600 to 3,000.[5][8] In all, nearly 300 villages were severely damaged or destroyed and about 700,000 were made homeless.[4] The earthquake was felt in North Yemen and much of South Yemen as well as into Saudi Arabia.[3]
Aftershocks
Beginning sixteen days after the mainshock a portable seismograph network consisting of mostly analog units was deployed in the epicentral area. Six days of recording, capturing thousands of aftershocks, were obtained under its final and optimum configuration. Two of the larger events, the December 29 M5.3 event and the January 8 M4.6 event, were also recorded teleseismically during this period.[9]
Other events
There were 30 specific years where individual or multiple earthquakes were documented in Yemen for the 1,240 years prior to 1982. During the twentieth century, in 1909, a shock resulted in the deaths of 300 people and damaged 400 homes; in 1941, two shocks (5.8 & 6.2 surface wave magnitude) killed 1,200 and destroyed 1,400 homes. Other, minor, events occurred in 1955 and again in 1959.[3]
References
- ISC (2016), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 3.0, International Seismological Centre
- Rösler, B.; van der Lee, S. (2020). "Using Seismic Source Parameters to Model Frequency-Dependent Surface-Wave Radiation Patterns". Seismological Research Letters. 91 (2A): 992–1002. doi:10.1785/0220190128. S2CID 214574808.
- Langer, Bollinger & Merghelani 1987, p. 2040
- National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
- Plafker, G.; Agar, R.; Asker, A. H.; Hanif, M. (1987), "Surface effects and tectonic setting of the 13 December 1982 North Yemen earthquake", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 77 (6): 2019, doi:10.1785/BSSA0770062018
- Langer, Bollinger & Merghelani 1987, pp. 2038–2041, 2051, 2052
- Ambraseys, N. N.; Melville, C. P.; Adams, R. D. (2005), The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review, Cambridge University Press, p. 94, ISBN 978-0-521-02025-1
- Arya, A.S.; Srivastava, L.S.; Gupta, S.P. (1985). "Survey of damages during the Dhamar Earthquake of 13 December 1982 in the Yemen Arab Republic". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 75 (2): 597–610. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.981.6427. doi:10.1785/BSSA0750020597.
- Langer, Bollinger & Merghelani 1987, pp. 2042, 2043
Sources
- Langer, C. J.; Bollinger, G. A.; Merghelani, H. M. (1987), "Aftershocks of the 13 December 1982 North Yemen earthquake: Conjugate normal faulting in an extensional setting", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 77 (6): 2038–2055, doi:10.1785/BSSA0770062038