1996 Ston–Slano earthquake

On 5 September 1996 at 22:44 local time (CEST, 20:44 UTC), southern Dalmatia, Croatia, was hit by a strong earthquake of moment magnitude 6.0. The epicentre was near the coastline of the Adriatic Sea, close to the village of Slano, roughly 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of Dubrovnik. The worst damage was of intensity VIII on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale, occurring in the epicentral area, but also another 25 km (16 mi) northwest, at the isthmus of the Pelješac peninsula, around the old town of Ston.[7]

1996 Ston–Slano earthquake
Small church in the Gothic style with a missing bell tower
The Church of St. Blasius was damaged in the earthquake
1996 Ston–Slano earthquake is located in Croatia
1996 Ston–Slano earthquake
UTC time1996-09-05 20:44:08
ISC event984504
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date5 September 1996 (1996-09-05)
Local time22:44 CEST
Magnitude6.0 Mw
6.0 ML
5.6 mb
Depth11 km (7 mi)
Epicentre42.77°N 17.94°E / 42.77; 17.94
FaultSton–Slano Fault Zone
Areas affectedSouthern Dalmatia (Dubrovnik–Neretva County, Split–Dalmatia County)
Max. intensityVIII (Severe)[1]
VIII (Damaging)
Peak acceleration0.643 g
LandslidesYes
Aftershocks5.5 Mw 17 Sep[2]
CasualtiesNo deaths, several injuries[3][1]
Citations[4][5][6]

Damage

Three villages were completely destroyed, and there was damage in much of southern Dalmatia, up to Zagvozd and Grabovac.[7] About 1,400 buildings were damaged and 474 rendered uninhabitable in the epicentral area. Cracks of up to 10 cm (4 in) in width appeared in the Walls of Ston.[8] Some of the destroyed buildings had been weakened by a ML 4.7 earthquake off Mljet in July 1995.[9] Fortunately, there were no fatalities.[3] However, several people were injured, and more than 2,000 were displaced according to the United States Geological Survey.[1] According to the Croatian Radiotelevision, there were no injuries.[10] Landslides and collapsed structures blocked the roads to the villages of Mravinca, Trnova and Podimoć.[11] One of the aftershocks temporarily blocked the Adriatic Highway, the principal thoroughfare of the Dubrovnik region.[10] Massive boulders were dislodged and rolled down the mountain, in one case colliding with a house. The earthquake reduced groundwater levels, and created a submarine spring between Ston and Doli, where the emitted soil and mud temporarily turned the sea red.[11] The town of Ston took about a decade to recover from the effects of the earthquake.[12]

Earthquake

This was the largest earthquake with an epicentre in the Dubrovnik area since the violent 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, and the peak horizontal acceleration (PGA) of 0.643 g measured at the Ston saltworks remains the highest observed in Croatia.[8][6] The significant degree of soil amplification in Ston caused high PGA values of up to 0.313 g in some of the aftershocks as well.[6] The rupture began on the reverse Slano Fault or possibly on the Pelješac Fault,[13] beginning 4.5 km (2.8 mi) from Slano and continuing for about 20 km (12 mi) northwestwards to Ston, where the ground displacement reached 38 cm (15 in). Multiple faults were activated during the earthquake. The shock was felt up to 400 km (250 mi) away from the epicentre, and was followed by more than 1,800 aftershocks over the course of a year.[14]

Aftershocks
Significant aftershocks
Date Time (UTC) M I Depth Ref.
5 September21:434.910.8 km (6.7 mi)[15]
7 September05:454.58.1 km (5.0 mi)[15]
9 September15:575.3 VII10.5 km (6.5 mi)[16]
17 September13:455.4[17]
5.5[2]		 VII10.0 km (6.2 mi)[2]
20 October15:004.68.7 km (5.4 mi)[15]

See also

References
  1. "M 6.0 - 9 km ESE of Podgora, Croatia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  2. ANSS. "Ston 1996: M 5.5 - 2 km NW of Podgora, Croatia". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  3. Lepan Štefančić, Suzana (22 March 2020). "Potres u Stonu 1996. razrušio pola starog grada, najrazorniji u povijesti onaj dubrovački". Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  4. Markušić et al. 1998.
  5. Govorčin et al. 2020.
  6. Herak et al. 2010, p. 496.
  7. Markušić et al. 1998, pp. 95–99.
  8. Govorčin et al. 2020, p. 1.
  9. Markušić et al. 1998, pp. 94, 98.
  10. "Stanovnici dubrovačkog područja prisjetili se 1996." (in Croatian). Croatian Radiotelevision. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  11. Markušić et al. 1998, pp. 98–99.
  12. Herak et al. 2010, p. 484.
  13. Govorčin et al. 2020, p. 17.
  14. Govorčin et al. 2020, p. 1, 2.
  15. Govorčin et al. 2020, p. 8.
  16. Govorčin et al. 2020, pp. 2, 8.
  17. Govorčin et al. 2020, p. 2.

Sources
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