2020–21 VfL Wolfsburg season

The 2020–21 season was the 76th season in the existence of VfL Wolfsburg and the club's 24th consecutive season in the top flight of German football. In addition to the domestic league, VfL Wolfsburg participated in this season's editions of the DFB-Pokal and in the UEFA Europa League. The season covered the period from 6 August 2020 to 30 June 2021.

VfL Wolfsburg
2020–21 season
Executive directorFrank Witter
Head coachOliver Glasner
StadiumVolkswagen Arena
Bundesliga4th
DFB-PokalQuarter-finals
UEFA Europa LeaguePlay-off round
Top goalscorerLeague:
Wout Weghorst (20)

All:
Wout Weghorst (25)
Biggest winVfL Wolfsburg 5–0 Schalke 04
Biggest defeatBorussia Dortmund 2–0 VfL Wolfsburg
RB Leipzig 2–0 VfL Wolfsburg

Players

First-team squad

As of 31 January 2021[1][2]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
1 GK Belgium BEL Koen Casteels (vice-captain)
3 DF France FRA Maxence Lacroix
5 DF Netherlands NED Jeffrey Bruma
6 DF Brazil BRA Paulo Otávio
7 MF Croatia CRO Josip Brekalo
8 MF Switzerland SUI Renato Steffen
9 FW Netherlands NED Wout Weghorst
12 GK Austria AUT Pavao Pervan
14 MF Switzerland SUI Admir Mehmedi
15 DF France FRA Jérôme Roussillon
17 FW Germany GER Maximilian Philipp (on loan from Dynamo Moscow)
19 DF Switzerland SUI Kevin Mbabu
20 MF Germany GER Ridle Baku
No. Pos. Nation Player
21 FW Poland POL Bartosz Białek
23 MF France FRA Josuha Guilavogui (captain)
24 MF Austria AUT Xaver Schlager
25 DF United States USA John Brooks
27 MF Germany GER Maximilian Arnold (3rd captain)
30 GK Germany GER Niklas Klinger
31 MF Germany GER Yannick Gerhardt
33 FW Germany GER Daniel Ginczek
34 DF Croatia CRO Marin Pongračić
35 GK Germany GER Lino Kasten
39 DF Germany GER Tim Siersleben
40 MF Brazil BRA João Victor

Players out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
2 DF Brazil BRA William (at Schalke 04 until 30 June 2021)
11 MF Germany GER Felix Klaus (at Fortuna Düsseldorf until 30 June 2021)
26 FW United States USA Ulysses Llanez (at Heerenveen until 30 June 2021)
29 FW Egypt EGY Omar Marmoush (at FC St. Pauli until 30 June 2021)
34 MF Germany GER Marvin Stefaniak (at Greuther Fürth until 30 June 2021)
37 MF Germany GER Elvis Rexhbeçaj (at 1. FC Köln until 30 June 2021)

Transfers

In

No. Pos Player Transferred from Fee Date Source
21 FW Poland Bartosz Białek Poland Zagłębie Lubin €5,000,000 19 August 2020 [3]
3 DF France Maxence Lacroix France Sochaux €5,000,000 25 August 2020 [4]
20 MF Germany Ridle Baku Germany Mainz 05 €10,000,000 1 October 2020 [5]
17 FW Germany Maximilian Philipp Russia Dynamo Moscow Loan 2 October 2020 [6]

Out

No. Pos Player Transferred to Fee Date Source
17 DF Germany Felix Uduokhai Germany FC Augsburg €7,000,000 1 July 2020 [7]
31 DF Germany Robin Knoche Germany Union Berlin Free
38 MF Belgium Ismail Azzaoui Free
36 GK Germany Phillip Menzel Austria Austria Klagenfurt Undisclosed 1 August 2020 [8]
4 MF Spain Ignacio Camacho Retired N/A 14 September 2020 [9]
17 MF Germany John Yeboah Netherlands Willem II Undisclosed 15 September 2020 [10]
32 DF Democratic Republic of the Congo Marcel Tisserand Turkey Fenerbahçe €4,000,000 [11]
43 MF Germany Julian Justvan Germany SC Paderborn 07 Undisclosed [12]
26 FW United States Ulysses Llanez Netherlands SC Heerenveen Loan [13]
20 DF Germany Luca Horn Germany Hansa Rostock Undisclosed 29 September 2020 [14]
29 FW Egypt Omar Marmoush Germany FC St. Pauli Loan 5 January 2021 [15]
11 MF Germany Felix Klaus Germany Fortuna Düsseldorf Loan 14 January 2021 [16]
2 DF Brazil William Germany Schalke 04 Loan 25 January 2021 [17]
10 MF Turkey Yunus Mallı Turkey Trabzonspor Free 31 January 2021 [18]

Pre-season and friendlies

  Win   Draw   Loss

15 August 2020 Friendly VfL Wolfsburg Germany 0–1 Germany Eintracht Braunschweig Wolfsburg, Germany
11:00 CEST (UTC+2) Report
  • Bär 46'
Stadium: AOK-Stadion
Attendance: 0
Referee: Harm Osmers
18 August 2020 Friendly VfL Wolfsburg Germany 2–0 Germany 1. FC Phönix Lübeck Wolfsburg, Germany
16:00 CEST (UTC+2)
Report Stadium: AOK-Stadion
Attendance: 0
22 August 2020 Friendly VfL Wolfsburg Germany 2–0 Germany Holstein Kiel Wolfsburg, Germany
15:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report Stadium: AOK-Stadion
Attendance: 0
Referee: Robert Schröder
29 August 2020 Friendly 1. FC Köln Germany 0–3 Germany VfL Wolfsburg Cologne, Germany
15:30 CEST (UTC+2) Report
Stadium: Franz-Kremer-Stadion
Attendance: 0
Referee: Mitja Stegemann
5 September 2020 Friendly 1. FC Magdeburg Germany 1–4 Germany VfL Wolfsburg Magdeburg, Germany
15:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: MDCC-Arena
Attendance: 1,098
Referee: Lasse Koslowski
14 November 2020 Friendly Hannover 96 Germany 0–0 Germany VfL Wolfsburg Hanover, Germany
12:00 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Eilenriedestadion
Attendance: 0
Referee: Harm Osmers

Competitions

Overview

Competition First match Last match Starting round Final position Record
Pld W D L GF GA GD Win %
Bundesliga 20 September 2020 22 May 2021 Matchday 1 4th 34 17 10 7 61 37 +24 050.00
DFB-Pokal 12 September 2020 3 March 2021 First round Quarter-finals 4 3 0 1 9 3 +6 075.00
UEFA Europa League 17 September 2020 1 October 2020 Second qualifying round Play-off round 3 2 0 1 7 2 +5 066.67
Total 41 22 10 9 77 42 +35 053.66

Source: Soccerway

Bundesliga

League table

Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation
2 RB Leipzig 34 19 8 7 60 32 +28 65 Qualification for Champions League group stage
3 Borussia Dortmund 34 20 4 10 75 46 +29 64
4 VfL Wolfsburg 34 17 10 7 61 37 +24 61
5 Eintracht Frankfurt 34 16 12 6 69 53 +16 60 Qualification for Europa League group stage[lower-alpha 1]
6 Bayer Leverkusen 34 14 10 10 53 39 +14 52
Source: DFB
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head results; 5) Head-to-head away goals scored; 6) Away goals scored; 7) Play-off.[19]
Notes:
  1. Since the winners of the 2020–21 DFB-Pokal, Borussia Dortmund, qualified for the Champions League based on league position, the Europa League group stage spot was passed to the sixth-placed team, and the Europa Conference League play-off round spot was passed to the seventh-placed team.

Results summary

OverallHomeAway
PldWDLGFGAGDPtsWDLGFGAGDWDLGFGAGD
34 17 10 7 61 37  +24 61 10 4 3 32 16  +16 7 6 4 29 21  +8

Source: DFB

Results by round

Round12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334
GroundHAHAHAHAHAHAHAAHAAHAHAHAHAHAHAHHAH
ResultDDDDWDWWWDWLWLDDWWWWDWWLWWWLLWLWDL
Position1012151310116655454666543343333333333344
Source: DFB
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

Matches

The league fixtures were announced on 7 August 2020.[20]

20 September 2020 1 VfL Wolfsburg 0–0 Bayer Leverkusen Wolfsburg
18:00 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 500
Referee: Sven Jablonski
27 September 2020 2 SC Freiburg 1–1 VfL Wolfsburg Freiburg
18:00 CEST (UTC+2) Report
Stadium: Schwarzwald-Stadion
Attendance: 3,200
Referee: Sören Storks
4 October 2020 3 VfL Wolfsburg 0–0 FC Augsburg Wolfsburg
15:30 CEST (UTC+2) Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 4,632
Referee: Felix Zwayer
17 October 2020 4 Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–1 VfL Wolfsburg Mönchengladbach
20:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: Borussia-Park
Attendance: 300
Referee: Daniel Schlager
25 October 2020 5 VfL Wolfsburg 2–1 Arminia Bielefeld Wolfsburg
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 4,519
Referee: Manuel Gräfe
1 November 2020 6 Hertha BSC 1–1 VfL Wolfsburg Berlin
18:00 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Olympiastadion
Attendance: 0
Referee: Martin Petersen
8 November 2020 7 VfL Wolfsburg 2–1 1899 Hoffenheim Wolfsburg
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Sven Jablonski
21 November 2020 8 Schalke 04 0–2 VfL Wolfsburg Gelsenkirchen
15:30 CET (UTC+1) Report
Stadium: Veltins-Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Marco Fritz
27 November 2020 9 VfL Wolfsburg 5–3 Werder Bremen Wolfsburg
20:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Christian Dingert
5 December 2020 10 1. FC Köln 2–2 VfL Wolfsburg Cologne
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: RheinEnergieStadion
Attendance: 0
Referee: Sven Jablonski
11 December 2020 11 VfL Wolfsburg 2–1 Eintracht Frankfurt Wolfsburg
20:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Markus Schmidt
16 December 2020 12 Bayern Munich 2–1 VfL Wolfsburg Munich
20:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Allianz Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Marco Fritz
20 December 2020 13 VfL Wolfsburg 1–0 VfB Stuttgart Wolfsburg
18:00 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Florian Badstübner
3 January 2021 14 Borussia Dortmund 2–0 VfL Wolfsburg Dortmund
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Signal Iduna Park
Attendance: 0
Referee: Manuel Gräfe
9 January 2021 15 Union Berlin 2–2 VfL Wolfsburg Berlin
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Stadion An der Alten Försterei
Attendance: 0
Referee: Patrick Ittrich
16 January 2021 16 VfL Wolfsburg 2–2 RB Leipzig Wolfsburg
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Tobias Stieler
19 January 2021 17 Mainz 05 0–2 VfL Wolfsburg Mainz
20:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Opel Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Sören Storks
23 January 2021 18 Bayer Leverkusen 0–1 VfL Wolfsburg Leverkusen
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: BayArena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Marco Fritz
31 January 2021 19 VfL Wolfsburg 3–0 SC Freiburg Wolfsburg
18:00 CET (UTC+1)
Report Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Tobias Reichel
6 February 2021 20 FC Augsburg 0–2 VfL Wolfsburg Augsburg
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: WWK Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Robert Hartmann
14 February 2021 21 VfL Wolfsburg 0–0 Borussia Mönchengladbach Wolfsburg
18:00 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Tobias Stieler
19 February 2021 22 Arminia Bielefeld 0–3 VfL Wolfsburg Bielefeld
20:30 CET (UTC+1) Report
Stadium: Bielefelder Alm
Attendance: 0
Referee: Felix Brych
27 February 2021 23 VfL Wolfsburg 2–0 Hertha BSC Wolfsburg
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Bastian Dankert
6 March 2021 24 1899 Hoffenheim 2–1 VfL Wolfsburg Sinsheim
15:30 CET (UTC+1) Report
Stadium: Rhein-Neckar-Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Markus Schmidt
13 March 2021 25 VfL Wolfsburg 5–0 Schalke 04 Wolfsburg
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Sören Storks
20 March 2021 26 Werder Bremen 1–2 VfL Wolfsburg Bremen
15:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Weser-Stadion
Attendance: 0
Referee: Robert Schröder
3 April 2021 27 VfL Wolfsburg 1–0 1. FC Köln Wolfsburg
15:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Robert Hartmann
10 April 2021 28 Eintracht Frankfurt 4–3 VfL Wolfsburg Frankfurt
15:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: Deutsche Bank Park
Attendance: 0
Referee: Marco Fritz
17 April 2021 29 VfL Wolfsburg 2–3 Bayern Munich Wolfsburg
15:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Felix Zwayer
21 April 2021 30 VfB Stuttgart 1–3 VfL Wolfsburg Stuttgart
20:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report Stadium: Mercedes-Benz Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Felix Brych
24 April 2021 31 VfL Wolfsburg 0–2 Borussia Dortmund Wolfsburg
15:30 CEST (UTC+2) Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Tobias Stieler
8 May 2021 32 VfL Wolfsburg 3–0 Union Berlin Wolfsburg
15:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Sven Jablonski
16 May 2021 33 RB Leipzig 2–2 VfL Wolfsburg Leipzig
20:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: Red Bull Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Felix Zwayer
22 May 2021 34 VfL Wolfsburg 2–3 Mainz 05 Wolfsburg
15:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Bastian Dankert

DFB-Pokal

12 September 2020 First round Union Fürstenwalde 1–4 VfL Wolfsburg Wolfsburg[22][23]
15:30 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: AOK-Stadion
Attendance: 0[24]
Referee: Robert Schröder
23 December 2020 Second round VfL Wolfsburg 4–0 SV Sandhausen Wolfsburg
18:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Guido Winkmann
3 February 2021 Round of 16 VfL Wolfsburg 1–0 Schalke 04 Wolfsburg
18:30 CET (UTC+1)
Report
Stadium: Volkswagen Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Felix Zwayer
3 March 2021 Quarter-finals RB Leipzig 2–0 VfL Wolfsburg Leipzig
20:45 CET (UTC+1)
Report Stadium: Red Bull Arena
Attendance: 0
Referee: Marco Fritz

UEFA Europa League

17 September 2020 Second qualifying round Kukësi Albania 0–4 Germany VfL Wolfsburg Tirana, Albania[25]
20:00 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: Arena Kombëtare
Attendance: 0
Referee: Duje Strukan (Croatia)
24 September 2020 Third qualifying round VfL Wolfsburg Germany 2–0 Ukraine Desna Chernihiv Wolfsburg, Germany
20:15 CEST (UTC+2)
Report
Stadium: AOK-Stadion
Attendance: 0
Referee: Lawrence Visser (Belgium)
1 October 2020 Play-off round AEK Athens Greece 2–1 Germany VfL Wolfsburg Athens, Greece
20:45 (21:45 EEST)
Report
Stadium: Olympic Stadium
Attendance: 0
Referee: Artur Soares Dias (Portugal)

Statistics

Appearances and goals

No. Pos Nat Player TotalBundesligaDFB-PokalEuropa League
AppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoals
Goalkeepers
1 GK Belgium BEL Koen Casteels 3703203020
12 GK Austria AUT Pavao Pervan 40201010
30 GK Germany GER Niklas Klinger 00000000
35 GK Germany GER Lino Kasten 00000000
Defenders
4 DF France FRA Maxence Lacroix 36229+113031
5 DF Netherlands NED Jeffrey Bruma 10001000
6 DF Brazil BRA Paulo Otávio 30019+40402+10
15 DF France FRA Jérôme Roussillon 23014+60002+10
19 DF Switzerland SUI Kevin Mbabu 24019+302000
25 DF United States USA John Brooks 35231+12200+10
34 DF Croatia CRO Marin Pongračić 1107+301000
39 DF Germany GER Tim Siersleben 100+100000
Midfielders
7 MF Croatia CRO Josip Brekalo 33722+770+2020
8 MF Switzerland SUI Renato Steffen 28519+254030
11 MF Germany GER Felix Klaus 801+501010
14 MF Switzerland SUI Admir Mehmedi 2228+1001032
20 MF Germany GER Ridle Baku 35631+163000
23 MF France FRA Josuha Guilavogui 2627+1302+1131
24 MF Austria AUT Xaver Schlager 38230+222+1030
27 MF Germany GER Maximilian Arnold 3633033030
31 MF Germany GER Yannick Gerhardt 35421+82420+20
40 MF Brazil BRA João Victor 2743+1812+231+10
Forwards
9 FW Netherlands NED Wout Weghorst 412533+1204332
17 FW Germany GER Maximilian Philipp 26613+1160+2000
21 FW Poland POL Bartosz Białek 2421+1820+400+10
33 FW Germany GER Daniel Ginczek 1411+1001+100+11
Players transferred out during the season
2 DF Brazil BRA William 200+200000
10 MF Turkey TUR Yunus Mallı 20100+1000
11 MF Germany GER Felix Klaus 801+501010
20 DF Germany GER Luca Horn 10000+1000
29 FW Egypt EGY Omar Marmoush 400+100+2010

Last updated: 22 May 2021
Source: Competitions

Goalscorers

As of 22 May 2021
Rank No. Pos Nat Name Bundesliga DFB-Pokal Europa League Total
1 9 FW Netherlands Wout Weghorst 20 3 2 25
2 7 MF Croatia Josip Brekalo 7 0 0 7
3 17 FW Germany Maximilian Philipp 6 0 0 5
20 MF Germany Ridle Baku 6 0 0 6
5 8 MF Switzerland Renato Steffen 5 0 0 5
6 31 MF Germany Yannick Gerhardt 2 2 0 4
40 MF Brazil João Victor 1 3 0 4
8 27 MF Germany Maximilian Arnold 3 0 0 3
9 4 DF France Maxence Lacroix 1 0 1 2
14 MF Switzerland Admir Mehmedi 0 0 2 2
21 FW Poland Bartosz Białek 1 1 0 2
23 MF France Josuha Guilavogui 0 1 1 2
24 MF Austria Xaver Schlager 2 0 0 2
25 DF United States John Brooks 2 0 0 2
15 33 FW Germany Daniel Ginczek 0 0 1 1
Own goals 4 0 0 3
Totals 59 10 7 76

References

  1. "Kader". VfL Wolfsburg. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  2. "VfL Wolfsburg Squad". bundesliga.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  3. "VfL complete Bialek signing". VfL Wolfsburg. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  4. "Bienvenue, Maxence Lacroix" (in German). VfL Wolfsburg. 25 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-08-25. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  5. "Official: Ridle Baku joins Wolfsburg from Mainz".
  6. "Neue Offensivkraft" (in German). VfL Wolfsburg. 2 October 2020.
  7. "Bundesliga: FC Augsburg verpflichtet ausgeliehenen Felix Uduokhai vom VfL Wolfsburg". Goal (in German). Archived from the original on 2020-06-04. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  8. "Menzel off to Klagenfurt". VfL Wolfsburg. 12 July 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  9. "Camacho calls time on career". VfL Wolfsburg. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  10. "Yeboah off to the Eredivisie". VfL Wolfsburg. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  11. "Off to Turkey". VfL Wolfsburg. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  12. "Justvan off to Paderborn". VfL Wolfsburg. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  13. "Professional contract and loan deal for Llanez". VfL Wolfsburg. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  14. "Ein Nordlicht für die Kogge: Hansa holt Horn von den Wölfen". kicker (in German). 29 September 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  15. "Loaned to St. Pauli". VfL Wolfsburg. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  16. "Klaus off to Fortuna Düsseldorf". VfL Wolfsburg. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  17. "Loan to Schalke". VfL Wolfsburg. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  18. "Malli leaves the Wolves". VfL Wolfsburg. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  19. "Spielordnung (SpOL)" [Match rules] (PDF). DFL.de (in German). Deutsche Fußball Liga. 16 May 2020. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  20. "2020-21 season: DFL publishes Bundesliga and Bundesliga 2 fixture lists". bundesliga.com. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  21. ""Enormer Organisationsaufwand": Amateurklubs verzichten auf Heim-Spielort" ["Enormous organisational effort": amateur clubs do without a home venue]. kicker (in German). 27 August 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  22. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany and the organisational effort required to host the fixture, the teams exchanged the home rights to the match.[21]
  23. The Union Fürstenwalde v VfL Wolfsburg match took place at the AOK-Stadion instead of VfL Wolfsburg's home stadium, the Volkswagen Arena.
  24. The match was played behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.
  25. Kukësi played their home matches at Arena Kombëtare, Tirana, instead of their regular stadium Zeqir Ymeri Stadium, Kukës, which is under reconstruction.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.