2023–24 Serie A de México season
The 2023–24 Serie A de México season is part of the third-tier football league of Mexico. The tournament will begin on 11 August 2023 and will finish in 25 or 26 May 2024.
| Season | 2023–24 |
|---|---|
| Promoted | Aguacateros de Peribán Aragón |
| Matches played | 214 |
| Goals scored | 508 (2.37 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Martín Abundis (12 goals) |
| Biggest home win | Tampico Madero 6–0 Inter Querétaro (2 September 2023) |
| Biggest away win | UAT 0–5 Chihuahua (11 August 2023) |
| Highest scoring | Atlético Aragón 4–4 Irapuato (26 August 2023) |
| Longest winning run | 9 matches Chihuahua |
| Longest unbeaten run | 10 matches Chihuahua |
| Longest winless run | 11 matches Halcones de Zapopan Real Apodaca |
| Longest losing run | 6 matches Mexicali |
| Highest attendance | 25,000 Irapuato 0–0 Petroleros de Salamanca (14 October 2023) |
| Lowest attendance | 20 Leones Negros 2–1 Mineros de Fresnillo (21 October 2023) |
| Total attendance | 246,686 |
| Average attendance | 1,209 |
← 2022–23 2024–25 →
Stats are from the regular season only | |
Offseason Changes
- The 2022–23 Serie A champions Tampico Madero and runners-up Tuzos UAZ were not certified for promotion to the Liga de Expansión MX, they will remain on Serie A.[1]
- On May 7, 2023 Alebrijes UABJO was promoted to Serie A.[2] On June 15, 2023 the team was relocated to Reynosa and renamed C.F. Orgullo Reynosa.[3]
- On May 21, 2023 Aguacateros de Peribán F.C. and Atlético Aragón were promoted to Serie A from Liga TDP.[4]
- On May 22, 2023 Catedráticos Elite F.C. was renamed Petroleros de Salamanca.[5]
- On May 25, 2023 Escorpiones F.C. was relocated to Zacatepec and the team was renamed to Escorpiones Zacatepec.[6]
- On June 1, 2023 Club Calor was promoted to Serie A from Serie B.[7]
- On June 7, 2023 Leviatán F.C. was suspended from the 2023–24 season for failing to fulfill the obligations as an affiliate.[8]
- On June 13, 2023 Real de Arteaga was relocated to Apodaca, Nuevo León and renamed Real Apodaca F.C.[9]
- On June 28, 2023 Coras was relocated to Piedras Negras, Coahuila, the team provisionally kept the original name[10]
- On June 29, 2023 Durango was returned to Liga Premier after a year in Liga de Expansión MX, the team lost its place in the second–tier due to financial problems.[11] The Liga de Expansión requested that the Liga Premier propose another affiliated team to play as a guest team in the second–tier, however, the league did not propose any other affiliate to replace Durango.[12] The team rejoined Liga Premier on 18 July 2023.
- On June 30, 2023 Pioneros de Cancún was promoted to Serie A from Serie B.
- On June 30, 2023 Irapuato and Racing Porto Palmeiras joined the league as expansion teams.[13]
- On June 30, 2023 Dongu and Pachuca were relocated at Serie B.[14]
- On June 30, 2023 the league format was modified, the single-season tournament was reinstated after two years with two tournaments per season.[15]
- On June 30, 2023 C.D. Tulancingo was relocated at Serie B, however, days later, on July 18, the team was put on hiatus.[16]
- On July 18, 2023 Aguacateros CDU was relocated at Serie B.[17]
In–season changes
- Since Week 8 Colima F.C. moved to Estadio Colima due to remodeling works at the Estadio Olímpico Universitario, the stadium originally registered by the team for the season.[18]
Regular season
The member clubs of the Serie A for the 2023–24 season are listed as follows.[19]
Stadium and locations
- Although the team started the season at the Estadio Olímpico Universitario de Colima, the club changed field starting in week 8 of the season.
- Although the club registered the Estadio Marte R. Gómez as its official field, the team plays most of its matches at the Estadio Universitario Eugenio Alvizo Porras
Standings
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | BP | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chihuahua | 12 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 21 | 3 | +18 | 4 | 35 | Qualification to Liguilla de Ascenso Semi–finals |
| 2 | Los Cabos United | 12 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 18 | 10 | +8 | 3 | 25 | Qualification to Liguilla de Ascenso Reclassification |
| 3 | Alacranes de Durango | 12 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 9 | +6 | 2 | 23 | |
| 4 | Tuzos UAZ | 12 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 18 | 10 | +8 | 0 | 21 | |
| 5 | UAT | 12 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 17 | 18 | −1 | 2 | 21 | Qualification to Liguilla de Filiales |
| 6 | Tecos | 12 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 20 | 12 | +8 | 0 | 20 | Qualification to Liguilla de Ascenso Reclassification |
| 7 | Saltillo | 11 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 8 | +4 | 0 | 20 | |
| 8 | Cimarrones de Sonora | 12 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 7 | +3 | 0 | 20 | Qualification to Liguilla de Filiales |
| 9 | Leones Negros | 12 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 14 | 16 | −2 | 1 | 20 | |
| 10 | Reynosa | 12 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 6 | +3 | 1 | 18 | Qualification to Liguilla de Ascenso Reclassification |
| 11 | Gavilanes de Matamoros | 12 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 19 | 18 | +1 | 0 | 16 | |
| 12 | Tritones Vallarta | 12 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 9 | −2 | 1 | 15 | |
| 13 | Mineros de Fresnillo | 12 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 17 | −5 | 0 | 11 | |
| 14 | Coras | 12 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 11 | 16 | −5 | 0 | 10 | |
| 15 | Calor | 12 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 20 | −12 | 0 | 10 | |
| 16 | Colima | 12 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 18 | −10 | 0 | 9 | |
| 17 | Real Apodaca | 12 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 21 | −11 | 1 | 9 | |
| 18 | Mexicali | 11 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 7 | 18 | −11 | 0 | 7 |
Updated to match(es) played on 21 October 2023. Source: Liga Premier FMF
Positions by Round
| Qualification to Semi-finals | |
| Qualification to Reclassification | |
| Last place in table |
Updated to match(es) played on 21 October 2023. Source: Liga Premier FMF
Results
Stadium and locations
Location of teams in the 2023–24 Serie A Group 2
- The team started the season at the Unidad Deportiva Hermanos López Rayón in the nearby city of Uruapan, because the Estadio Municipal de Peribán is undergoing improvement works.
Standings
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | BP | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Racing Porto Palmeiras | 12 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 18 | 7 | +11 | 1 | 28 | Qualification to Liguilla de Ascenso Semi–finals |
| 2 | Deportiva Venados | 12 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 24 | 14 | +10 | 1 | 28 | Qualification to Liguilla de Ascenso Reclassification |
| 3 | Petroleros de Salamanca | 12 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 18 | 6 | +12 | 1 | 27 | |
| 4 | Cafetaleros de Chiapas | 12 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 18 | 11 | +7 | 1 | 22 | |
| 5 | Inter Playa del Carmen | 12 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 15 | 12 | +3 | 2 | 21 | |
| 6 | Tampico Madero | 12 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 20 | 12 | +8 | 0 | 20 | |
| 7 | Irapuato | 12 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 22 | 11 | +11 | 1 | 19 | |
| 8 | Aguacateros de Peribán | 12 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 19 | 15 | +4 | 0 | 19 | |
| 9 | Montañeses | 12 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 15 | 14 | +1 | 1 | 19 | |
| 10 | Escorpiones Zacatepec | 12 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 9 | 7 | +2 | 0 | 18 | |
| 11 | La Piedad | 12 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 13 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 15 | |
| 12 | Pioneros de Cancún | 12 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 15 | 19 | −4 | 2 | 14 | Qualification to Liguilla de Filiales |
| 13 | Atlético Aragón | 12 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 15 | 22 | −7 | 2 | 13 | |
| 14 | Lobos ULMX | 12 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 18 | −9 | 0 | 12 | |
| 15 | Sporting Canamy | 11 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 15 | 20 | −5 | 0 | 11 | |
| 16 | Yalmakán | 12 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 17 | 27 | −10 | 1 | 11 | |
| 17 | Inter de Querétaro | 12 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 9 | 32 | −23 | 0 | 5 | |
| 18 | Halcones de Zapopan | 11 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 15 | −11 | 0 | 3 |
Updated to match(es) played on 23 October 2023. Source: Liga Premier FMF
Positions by Round
| Qualification to Semi-finals | |
| Qualification to Reclassification | |
| Last place in table |
Updated to match(es) played on 23 October 2023. Source: Liga Premier FMF
Results
Regular Season statistics
Top goalscorersPlayers sorted first by goals scored, then by last name.
Source:Liga Premier FMF |
Hat-tricks(H) – Home ; (A) – Away
|
Per team
| Pos | Team | Total | High | Low | Average | Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Irapuato | 77,500 | 25,000 | 7,000 | 12,917 | n/a6 |
| 2 | Tampico Madero | 28,501 | 5,001 | 3,000 | 4,072 | −66.6% |
| 3 | Chihuahua | 14,250 | 4,000 | 1,200 | 2,375 | −48.7% |
| 4 | Petroleros de Salamanca | 14,500 | 2,800 | 1,000 | 2,071 | +653.1%1 |
| 5 | La Piedad | 12,420 | 2,500 | 1,500 | 2,070 | +64.3% |
| 6 | Gavilanes de Matamoros | 9,450 | 3,000 | 600 | 1,575 | −56.0% |
| 7 | Cafetaleros de Chiapas | 9,810 | 2,500 | 1,100 | 1,401 | −10.8% |
| 8 | Montañeses | 8,100 | 3,000 | 500 | 1,350 | −48.1% |
| 9 | Alacranes de Durango | 7,900 | 2,000 | 500 | 1,317 | −39.1%3 |
| 10 | Escorpiones Zacatepec | 6,950 | 1,700 | 750 | 1,158 | +470.4%2 |
| 11 | Reynosa | 6,690 | 2,000 | 300 | 1,115 | n/a6 |
| 12 | Saltillo | 5,400 | 3,000 | 300 | 1,080 | +159.0% |
| 13 | Los Cabos United | 6,450 | 1,500 | 500 | 1,075 | +7.5% |
| 14 | Racing Porto Palmeiras | 6,300 | 1,500 | 500 | 1,050 | n/a6 |
| 15 | Inter Playa del Carmen | 6,200 | 2,100 | 400 | 1,033 | +78.1% |
| 16 | Real Apodaca | 2,400 | 1,000 | 200 | 400 | n/a6 |
| 17 | Yalmakán | 2,750 | 550 | 250 | 393 | +63.7% |
| 18 | Aguacateros de Peribán | 2,150 | 700 | 150 | 358 | n/a8 |
| 19 | Lobos ULMX | 1,900 | 700 | 100 | 317 | +86.5% |
| 20 | Atlético Aragón | 1,700 | 500 | 100 | 283 | n/a5 |
| 21 | Tritones Vallarta | 1,600 | 400 | 150 | 267 | −45.3% |
| 22 | Colima | 1,550 | 300 | 200 | 258 | −24.1% |
| 23 | Coras | 1,400 | 300 | 200 | 233 | −16.8% |
| 24 | Calor | 1,400 | 300 | 200 | 233 | +29.4%4 |
| 25 | UAT | 1,350 | 300 | 150 | 225 | +4.7% |
| 26 | Tecos | 1,350 | 500 | 50 | 225 | −53.4% |
| 27 | Mexicali | 1,120 | 450 | 70 | 224 | −32.7%7 |
| 28 | Pioneros de Cancún | 850 | 300 | 50 | 213 | −8.6%4 |
| 29 | Mineros de Fresnillo | 1,200 | 300 | 100 | 200 | +33.3% |
| 30 | Inter de Querétaro | 650 | 200 | 50 | 163 | −34.8% |
| 31 | Halcones de Zapopan | 650 | 200 | 100 | 163 | +35.8%7 |
| 32 | Tuzos UAZ | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | −47.9%9 |
| 33 | Deportiva Venados | 700 | 200 | 50 | 117 | −2.5% |
| 34 | Sporting Canamy | 550 | 150 | 100 | 110 | +22.2% |
| 35 | Leones Negros | 495 | 150 | 20 | 83 | −4.6% |
| 36 | Cimarrones de Sonora | 380 | 100 | 30 | 63 | −49.6% |
| League total | 246,686 | 25,000 | 25 | 1,209 | +18.0% |
Source: Liga Premier FMF
Notes:
Only regular season listed
1: Petroleros de Salamanca played last season as Catedráticos Elite.
2: Escorpiones played last season at Cuernavaca
3: Durango played Liga de Expansión MX last season.
4: Team played Liga Premier – Serie B last season.
5: Team played Liga TDP last season.
6: Team did not play last season.
7: The team had at least one match canceled for administrative issues.
8: Aguacateros de Peribán started the season at Unidad Deportiva Hermanos López Rayón in Uruapan, because the Estadio Municipal de Peribán is undergoing improvement works, also the team played Liga TDP last season
9: UAZ was penalized with five matches behind closed doors for violent incidents in the match against Tampico Madero corresponding to the first leg of the final of the 2022-23 season.[24]
Highest and lowest
| Highest attended | Lowest attended[a] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week | Home | Score | Away | Attendance | Home | Score | Away | Attendance |
| 1 | Tampico Madero | 1–0 | Irapuato | 4,500 | Atlético Aragón | 1–0 | Sporting Canamy | 100 |
| 2 | Irapuato | 1–1 | Lobos ULMX | 7,500 | Cimarrones de Sonora | 0–1 | Los Cabos United | 50 |
| 3 | Tampico Madero | 0–0 | Aguacateros de Peribán | 3,000 | Mineros de Fresnillo | 4–2 | Real Apodaca | 100 |
| 4 | Irapuato | 0–0 | Halcones de Zapopan | 10,000 | Cimarrones de Sonora | 1–0 | UAZ | 100 |
| 5 | Tampico Madero | 0–0 | Racing Porto Palmeiras | 4,000 | Cimarrones de Sonora | 1–2 | Saltillo | 50 |
| 6 | Irapuato | 4–1 | Pioneros de Cancún | 10,000 | Tecos | 2–0 | Colima | 100 |
| 7 | Tampico Madero | 1–1 | Escorpiones Zacatepec | 5,000 | Leones Negros | 2–1 | UAT | 25 |
| 8 | Irapuato | 5–0 | Sporting Canamy | 7,000 | Deportiva Venados | 2–1 | La Piedad | 100 |
| 9 | La Piedad | 4–0 | Tampico Madero | 2,000 | Cimarrones de Sonora | 1–0 | Reynosa | 30 |
| 10 | Irapuato | 3–0 | La Piedad | 18,000 | Tecos | 2–0 | Mexicali | 50 |
| 11 | Irapuato | 0–0 | Petroleros de Salamanca | 25,000 | Cimarrones de Sonora | 1–1 | Gavilanes de Matamoros | 50 |
| 12 | Tampico Madero | 3–2 | Halcones de Zapopan | 5,001 | Leones Negros | 3–0 | Mineros de Fresnillo | 20 |
Source: Liga Premier FMF
- ^ Does not include matches played behind closed doors.
Liguilla
Liguilla de Ascenso
As of this season, a regionalization of the promotion play-offs will be implemented, the teams will only play against clubs from their group, except in the season finale. The winners of each group will qualify for the semifinals, while the teams ranked between second and seventh place will play the reclassification. The higher seeded teams play on their home field during the second leg. The winner of each match up is determined by aggregate score. In the reclassification, semifinals and group final, if the two teams are tied on aggregate the higher seeded team advances. In the season final, if the two teams are tied after both legs, the match goes to extra time and, if necessary, a penalty shoot-out.[25]
Liguilla de Filiales
The four best reserve teams of the season play two games against each other on a home-and-away basis. The higher seeded teams play on their home field during the second leg. The winner of each match up is determined by aggregate score. In the semifinals, if the two teams are tied on aggregate the higher seeded team advances. In the final, if the two teams are tied after both legs, the match goes to extra time and, if necessary, a penalty shoot-out.[25]
Coefficient table
| P | Team | Pts | G | Pts/G | GD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chihuahua | 35 | 12 | 2.917 | +18 |
| 2 | Racing Porto Palmeiras | 28 | 12 | 2.333 | +11 |
| 3 | Deportiva Venados | 28 | 12 | 2.333 | +1 |
| 4 | Petroleros de Salamanca | 27 | 12 | 2.250 | +12 |
| 5 | Los Cabos United | 25 | 12 | 2.083 | +8 |
| 6 | Alacranes de Durango | 23 | 12 | 1.917 | +6 |
| 7 | Cafetaleros de Chiapas | 22 | 12 | 1.833 | +7 |
| 8 | Saltillo | 20 | 11 | 1.818 | +4 |
| 9 | Tuzos UAZ | 21 | 12 | 1.750 | +7 |
| 10 | Inter Playa del Carmen | 21 | 12 | 1.750 | +3 |
| 11 | UAT | 21 | 12 | 1.750 | –1 |
| 12 | Tampico Madero | 20 | 12 | 1.667 | +8 |
| 13 | Tecos | 20 | 12 | 1.667 | +8 |
| 14 | Cimarrones de Sonora | 20 | 12 | 1.667 | +3 |
| 15 | Leones Negros | 20 | 12 | 1.667 | –2 |
| 16 | Irapuato | 19 | 12 | 1.583 | +11 |
| 17 | Aguacateros de Peribán | 19 | 12 | 1.583 | +4 |
| 18 | Montañeses | 19 | 12 | 1.583 | +1 |
| 19 | Escorpiones Zacatepec | 18 | 12 | 1.500 | +2 |
| 20 | Reynosa | 18 | 12 | 1.500 | +2 |
| 21 | Gavilanes de Matamoros | 16 | 12 | 1.333 | +1 |
| 22 | La Piedad | 15 | 12 | 1.250 | 0 |
| 23 | Tritones Vallarta | 15 | 12 | 1.250 | –2 |
| 24 | Pioneros de Cancún | 14 | 12 | 1.167 | –4 |
| 25 | Atlético Aragón | 13 | 12 | 1.083 | –7 |
| 26 | Sporting Canamy | 11 | 11 | 1.000 | –5 |
| 27 | Lobos ULMX | 12 | 12 | 1.000 | –9 |
| 28 | Mineros de Fresnillo | 11 | 12 | 0.917 | –5 |
| 29 | Yalmakán | 11 | 12 | 0.917 | –10 |
| 30 | Coras | 10 | 12 | 0.833 | –5 |
| 31 | Calor | 10 | 12 | 0.833 | –12 |
| 32 | Colima | 9 | 12 | 0.750 | –10 |
| 33 | Real Apodaca | 9 | 12 | 0.750 | –11 |
| 34 | Mexicali | 7 | 11 | 0.636 | –11 |
| 35 | Inter Querétaro | 5 | 12 | 0.417 | –23 |
| 36 | Halcones de Zapopan | 3 | 11 | 0.273 | –11 |
Last updated: October 23, 2023
Source: Liga Premier FMF
P = Position; G = Games played; Pts = Points; Pts/G = Ratio of points to games played; GD = Goal difference
See also
References
- "Las razones de FMF para negar ascenso del Tampico Madero a Liga Expansión". mexico.as.com (in Spanish). 19 May 2023.
- "Alebrijes de Oaxaca, campeón de la temporada". Quadratín Oaxaca (in Spanish). 7 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- Gamboa, Alberto (17 June 2023). "Anuncian primeros refuerzos al Club de Futbol Reynosa". El Mañana (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- García, Óscar (21 May 2023). "Atlético Aragón y Aguacateros Peribán se coronan en la Liga TDP". El Sol de Cuautla (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 May 2023.
- "Invitan a visorias los Petroleros de Salamanca". El Sol de Irapuato (in Spanish). 6 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
- "¡ESCORPIONES A LA SELVA CAÑERA!". Liga Premier Magazine (in Spanish). 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
- "Club Calor statement". Club Calor (in Spanish). 1 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- "¡NO VA LEVIATÁN!". Liga Premier Magazine (in Spanish). 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- "¡ARTEAGA A APODACA! REAL APODACA FC COMPRA LA FRANQUICAI DE REAL ARTEAGA FC". Skipping TV (in Spanish). 13 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- "El equipo Coras F.C. ha sido presentado en la ciudad de Piedras Negras con gran entusiasmo y expectativa". K911 Noticias (in Spanish). 28 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- "Retiran invitación a Alacranes de Liga de Expansión: Héctor Vela". El Siglo de Durango (in Spanish). 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- Magallán, Ricardo (29 June 2023). "Oficial: Alacranes Durango queda fuera de Liga Expansión". as.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- "¡HAY CLUBES DE ESTRENO!". Liga Premier Magazine (in Spanish). 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- "sí queda integrada la Serie B de Liga Premier FMF con Club Ayense que hará su debut en la temporada 2023-24". Deporte Digital (in Spanish). 30 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- "ACUERDOS DE ASAMBLEA 2023-2024". Liga Premier Magazine (in Spanish). 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- "Se queda Tulancingo, otra vez, sin Segunda División". El Sol de Tulancingo (in Spanish). 6 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- "Mandan a Aguacateros Club Deportivo Uruapan a Serie B". Ecos del Quinceo (in Spanish). 18 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- "Recibe Caimanes en nueva sede a Tritones de Vallarta". Diario de Colima (in Spanish). 29 September 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- "INTEGRACIÓN DE GRUPOS OFICIALES". Liga Premier Magazine (in Spanish). 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- "Club Calor". ligapremier-fmf.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- "Aguacateros de Peribán statement". Aguacateros de Peribán (in Spanish). 17 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- "Lobos de la ULM firman convenio con Club Celaya FC; rescatan segunda división". Expresa TV (in Spanish). 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
- "Pioneros de Cancún pasan en comodato a dueños del Cancún FC". DRV Noticias (in Spanish). 29 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- Mayorga, Ricardo (13 May 2023). "Veto al estadio Carlos Vega Villalba". NTR Zacatecas (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- "REGLAMENTO DE COMPETENCIA 2023 - 2024" (PDF). Liga Premier FMF (in Spanish). pp. 22–24. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
External links
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