2023 Portland Timbers season

The 2023 Portland Timbers season was the 37th season in their existence and the 13th season for the Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer (MLS), the top-flight professional soccer league in the United States and Canada.

Portland Timbers
2023 season
CEOHeather Davis
Interim Head coachMiles Joseph
StadiumProvidence Park
Portland, Oregon
(Capacity: 25,218)
Major League SoccerConference: 10th
Overall: 18th
MLS Cup PlayoffsDNQ
Highest home attendance25,218[1]
Lowest home attendance21,320[1]
Average home league attendance23,102[2]
Biggest win4–1
SEA (April 15)
Biggest defeat3–2
SKC (March 4)
Primary colors
Secondary colors
All statistics correct as of March 4, 2023.

Background

Season review by month

February

On February 27, Portland hosted Sporting Kansas City for the home opener after a postponed match that was set for Saturday 25 due to heavy snow and ice. Portland scored the first goal in the 6th minute by Juan Mosquera (assisted by Yimmi Chará) to give the Timbers their first win of the season.

March

On March 4, Portland traveled to Los Angeles, California to play Los Angeles Football Club at the newly named BMO Stadium. Portland was able to almost catch up after being down by 3 with a final score of 2-3. The goalscorers were Evander (assist by: J. Mosquera) in the 62nd minute and C. Paredes (assist by: Nathan Fogaça) in the 84th minute.

On March 13, Portland announced the signing of Ivorian forward Franck Boli to a one-year contract with a club option for the 2024 season.[3]

Team kits

Supplier: Adidas / Sponsor: Alaska Air

Primary
Secondary

Coaching staff and front office

Executive staff

Position Staff
Owner of Peregrine Sports, LLC Heather Davis
Chief Executive Officer Heather Davis
Chief Administrative Officer / Chief Financial Officer Sarah Keane
Chief Operations Officer Ashley Highsmith
Chief Revenue Officer Joe Cote
Sr. VP, Corporate Partnerships Todd Spear
Sr. VP, Ticket and Business Intelligence Chris Wilson
Sr. VP, Operations Ken Puckett
VP, Production and Content Matt Smith
VP, Communications Collin Romer
VP, Community and Social Impact Dr. Robin Beavers

Last updated: March 1, 2023
Source:

Coaching staff

Position Staff
General Manager Ned Grabavoy
Interim Head Coach Miles Joseph
Assistant Coach Carlos Llamosa
Assistant Coach Liam Ridgewell
Goalkeeping Coach Guillermo Valencia
Head Athletic Trainer Stephanie Ludwig
Head of Performance Nick Milonas
Director of Sports Medicine Matthew Weston

Last updated: March 1, 2023
Source: Portland Timbers

Stadiums

Ground (capacity and dimensions) Providence Park (25,218 / 110x75 yards)
Training ground Adidas Training Facility

Source: Providence Park

Squad information

First team

As of March 14, 2023[4][5]
    No. Name Nat Positions Since Date of birth (Age) Signed from Games Goals
    Goalkeepers
    1 David Bingham United States GK 2022 (1989-10-19) October 19, 1989 Free agent 3 0
    31 Aljaž Ivačič (INT) Slovenia GK 2019 (1993-12-29) December 29, 1993 Slovenia NK Olimpija Ljubljana 65 0
    36 Hunter Sulte (HG) United States GK 2020 (2002-04-25) April 25, 2002 N/A 0 0
    Defenders
    5 Claudio Bravo (INT) Argentina DF 2020 (1997-03-13) March 13, 1997 Argentina Banfield 49 0
    13 Dario Župarić Croatia DF 2020 (1992-05-03) May 3, 1992 Croatia HNK Rijeka 81 0
    15 Eric Miller United States DF 2023 (1993-01-15) January 15, 1993 Free agent 0 0
    16 Justin Rasmussen United States W, LB 2022 (1998-12-15) December 15, 1998 United States Portland Timbers 2 10 0
    18 Zac McGraw United States DF 2020 (1997-06-08) June 8, 1997 2020 MLS SuperDraft 34 1
    28 Pablo Bonilla Venezuela RB 2020 (1999-12-02) December 2, 1999 Venezuela Deportivo La Guaira 36 0
    29 Juan Mosquera Colombia DF 2022 (2002-09-05) September 5, 2002 Colombia Independiente Medellín 4 1
    33 Larrys Mabiala Democratic Republic of the Congo DF 2017 (1987-10-08) October 8, 1987 Turkey Kayserispor 130 8
    Midfielders
    10 Sebastián Blanco (DP) Argentina MF / FW 2017 (1990-03-05) March 5, 1990 Argentina San Lorenzo 159 40
    18 Eryk Williamson (HG) United States MF 2018 (1997-06-11) June 11, 1997 United States D.C. United 65 4
    20 Evander (DP) (INT) Brazil MF 2023 (1998-06-09) June 9, 1998 Denmark FC Midtjylland 1 0
    21 Diego Chara Colombia CDM 2011 (1986-04-05) April 5, 1986 Colombia Deportes Tolima 339 12
    22 Cristhian Paredes Paraguay CDM 2018 (1998-05-18) May 18, 1998 Mexico América 106 10
    23 Yimmi Chará (DP) Colombia W 2020 (1991-04-02) April 2, 1991 Brazil Clube Atlético Mineiro 86 14
    24 David Ayala (U22) Argentina MF 2022 (2002-07-26) July 26, 2002 Argentina Estudiantes 21 0
    30 Santiago Moreno (U22) (INT) Colombia W 2021 (2000-04-21) April 21, 2000 Colombia América de Cali 48 7
    44 Marvin Loría Costa Rica W 2018 (1997-04-24) April 24, 1997 Costa Rica Deportivo Saprissa 92 6
    Forwards
    7 Franck Boli (INT) Ivory Coast FW 2023 (1993-12-07) December 7, 1993 Hungary Ferencvárosi TC 0 0
    9 Felipe Mora Chile ST 2020 (1994-08-02) August 2, 1994 Mexico UNAM 55 19
    11 Jarosław Niezgoda (DP) Poland ST 2020 (1995-03-15) March 15, 1995 Poland Legia Warsaw 61 19
    16 Diego Gutierrez (DP) Poland FW 2023 (1999-05-01) May 1, 1999 2021 MLS SuperDraft 2 0
    17 Tega Ikoba (HG) United States FW 2022 (2003-08-14) August 14, 2003 N/A 2 0
    27 Dairon Asprilla Colombia RW / LW / FW 2015 (1992-05-25) May 25, 1992 Colombia Atlético Nacional 158 27

    eMLS team

    As of February 28, 2023[6]
    Name Nat Since Gamer tag
    Players
    Bruno Albino Brazil 2022 CptBruno

    Competitions

    Competitions overview

    Competition Record Start Round First Match Last Match Final Position (Conference)
    G W D L GF GA GD Win %
    Major League Soccer 23 6 9 8 26 33 −7 026.09 1 February 27, 2023 October 21, 2023 18th (10th Western)
    U.S. Open Cup 2 1 0 1 6 5 +1 050.00 Third Round April 26 May 10 Round of 32
    Total 25 7 9 9 32 38 −6 028.00

    Updated to match played July 30, 2023
    Source: Competitions

    Preseason

      Win   Draw   Loss   Upcoming fixture

    February 12, 2023 1 LA Galaxy 1–4 Portland Timbers Indio, California
    10:30 PST Report Stadium: Empire Polo Club
    February 15, 2023 2 Toronto FC 2–2 Portland Timbers Indio, California
    14:00 PST Report Stadium: Empire Polo Club
    February 18, 2023 3 New York City FC 0–1 Portland Timbers Indio, California
    12:00 PST Report Stadium: Empire Polo Club

    MLS Regular season

    Western Conference
    MLS Western Conference table (2023)
    Pos Team Pld W L T GF GA GD Pts Qualification
    8 Sporting Kansas City 34 12 14 8 48 51 3 44 Qualification for the Wild card round
    9 San Jose Earthquakes 34 10 10 14 39 43 4 44
    10 Portland Timbers 34 11 13 10 46 58 12 43
    11 Minnesota United FC 34 10 13 11 46 51 5 41
    12 Austin FC 34 10 15 9 49 55 6 39
    Source: MLS
    Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) total wins; 3) total goal differential; 4) total goals scored; 5) fewer disciplinary points; 6) away goal differential; 7) away goals scored; 8) home goals differential; 9) home goals scored; 10) coin toss (2 clubs tied) or drawing of lots (≥3 clubs tied)
    Overall standings
    Overall MLS standings table
    Pos Team Pld W L T GF GA GD Pts
    16 San Jose Earthquakes 34 10 10 14 39 43 4 44
    17 New York Red Bulls 34 11 13 10 36 39 3 43
    18 Portland Timbers 34 11 13 10 46 58 12 43
    19 Charlotte FC 34 10 11 13 45 52 7 43
    20 CF Montréal 34 12 17 5 36 52 16 41
    Source: MLS
    Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) total wins; 3) total goal differential; 4) total goals scored; 5) fewer disciplinary points; 6) away goal differential; 7) away goals scored; 8) home goals differential; 9) home goals scored; 10) coin toss (2 clubs tied) or drawing of lots (≥3 clubs tied)
    Matches

      Win   Draw   Loss   Upcoming fixture

    February 27, 2023 1 Portland Timbers 1–0 Sporting Kansas City Portland, Oregon
    19:00 PST
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 22,925
    Referee: Timothy Ford
    Note: Originally scheduled for February 25, but was postponed due to poor weather in Portland
    March 4, 2023 2 Los Angeles FC 3–2 Portland Timbers Los Angeles, California
    13:30 PST
    Report
    Stadium: BMO Stadium
    Attendance: 22,202
    Referee: Joseph Dickerson
    March 11, 2023 3 Portland Timbers 1–2 St. Louis City SC Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PST
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 23,386
    Referee: Victor Rivas
    March 18, 2023 4 Atlanta United FC 5–1 Portland Timbers Atlanta, Georgia
    16:30 PST
    Report
    Stadium: Mercedes-Benz Stadium
    Attendance: 42,648
    Referee: Ted Unkel
    March 25, 2023 (2023-03-25) 4 Portland Timbers 0–0 LA Galaxy Portland, Oregon
    13:30 PST
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 24,077
    Referee: Chris Penso
    April 1, 2023 6 FC Dallas 1–1 Portland Timbers Frisco, Texas
    17:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Toyota Stadium
    Attendance: 19,096
    Referee: Armando Villarreal
    April 8, 2023 7 Cascadia Cup Vancouver Whitecaps FC 1–0 Portland Timbers Vancouver, British Columbia
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: BC Place
    Attendance: 17,029
    Referee: Nima Saghafi
    April 15, 2023 8 Cascadia Cup Portland Timbers 4–1 Seattle Sounders FC Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 25,218
    Referee: Drew Fischer
    April 22, 2023 9 FC Cincinnati 2–1 Portland Timbers Cincinnati, Ohio
    16:30 EDT Nwobodo Yellow card 32'
    Santos 34'
    Vazquez 58'
    Mosquera Yellow card 84'
    Angulo Yellow card 90+7'
    Report Mabiala Yellow card 20'
    Asprilla Yellow card 30', 60'
    Chara Yellow card 72'
    McGraw Yellow card 90+1'
    Stadium: TQL Stadium
    Attendance: 25,513
    Referee: Allen Chapman
    April 29, 2023 10 St. Louis City SC 1–2 Portland Timbers St Louis, Missouri
    17:30 (PDT)
    Report
    Stadium: CityPark
    Attendance: 22,423
    Referee: Ismail Elfath
    May 6, 2023 11 Portland Timbers 2–2 Austin FC Portland, Oregon
    19:30 (PDT) Župarić 33', Yellow card 87'
    Boli Yellow card 40'
    Bravo Yellow card 56', 71'
    Report Gallagher 59'
    Bruin 90+2'
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 23,318
    Referee: Jon Freemon
    May 13, 2023 12 Cascadia Cup Portland Timbers 3–1 Vancouver Whitecaps FC Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 23,154
    Referee: Guido Gonzales Jr.
    May 17, 2023 13 Real Salt Lake 0–0 Portland Timbers Sandy, Utah
    18:30 PDT Eneli Yellow card 45+1' Report Boli Yellow card 72' Stadium: America First Field
    Attendance: 18,020
    Referee: Ramy Touchan
    May 20, 2023 14 Portland Timbers 0–1 Minnesota United FC Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 22,137
    Referee: Armando Villarreal
    May 28, 2023 15 Sporting Kansas City 4–1 Portland Timbers Kansas City, Kansas
    12:00 PDT Thommy 11'
    Fontàs Yellow card 47'
    Sallói 66'
    Mabiala 68' (o.g.)
    Radoja Yellow card 72'
    Shelton Yellow card 85'
    Hernández 90+3'
    Report Boli 8'
    Loría Yellow card 89'
    Stadium: Children's Mercy Park
    Attendance: 18,514
    Referee: Rubiel Vazquez
    June 3, 2023 16 Cascadia Cup Seattle Sounders FC 0–0 Portland Timbers Seattle, Washington
    13:30 PDT Ragen Yellow card 90+2' Report Chará Yellow card 7'
    Bravo Yellow card 70'
    Paredes Yellow card 79'
    Stadium: Lumen Field
    Attendance: 42,054
    Referee: Allen Chapman
    Note: Part of a doubleheader with OL Reign and Portland Thorns FC.[7]
    June 11, 2023 17 Portland Timbers 1–0 FC Dallas Portland, Oregon
    19:00 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 22,907
    Referee: Ted Unkel
    June 17, 2023 18 San Jose Earthquakes 0–0 Portland Timbers San Jose, California
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: PayPal Park
    Attendance: 14,188
    Referee: Alex Chilowicz
    June 21, 2023 19 Portland Timbers 1–2 Chicago Fire Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 22,548
    Referee: Fotis Bazakos
    June 24, 2023 20 Portland Timbers 1–1 New York City FC Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 22,676
    Referee: Nima Saghafi
    July 1, 2023 21 Minnesota United FC 4–1 Portland Timbers Saint Paul, Minnesota
    17:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Allianz Field
    Attendance: 19,844
    Referee: Lukasz Szpala
    July 12, 2023 22 Colorado Rapids 0–0 Portland Timbers Commerce City, Colorado
    17:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Dick's Sporting Goods Park
    Attendance: 17,426
    Referee: Pierre-Luc Lauziere
    Note: Match was abandoned on July 4 at halftime due to severe weather in the area and resumed on July 12.[8]
    July 15, 2023 23 Portland Timbers 3–2 Columbus Crew Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 24,181
    Referee: Timothy Ford
    August 20, 2023 24 Houston Dynamo FC 5–0 Portland Timbers Houston, Texas
    17:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Shell Energy Stadium
    Attendance: 12,670
    Referee: Marcos de Oliveira
    August 26, 2023 25 Cascadia Cup Portland Timbers 2–3 Vancouver Whitecaps FC Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 22,674
    Referee: Rosendo Mendoza
    August 30, 2023 26 Portland Timbers 2–1 Real Salt Lake Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 21,320
    Referee: Joseph Dickerson
    September 2, 2023 27 Cascadia Cup Seattle Sounders FC 2–2 Portland Timbers Seattle, Washington
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Lumen Field
    Attendance: 37,031
    Referee: Jon Freemon
    September 9, 2023 28 Portland Timbers 2–0 Los Angeles FC Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 23,239
    Referee: Drew Fischer
    September 17, 2023 29 Austin FC 1–2 Portland Timbers Austin, Texas
    17:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Q2 Stadium
    Attendance: 20,738
    Referee: Armando Villarreal
    September 20, 2023 30 Portland Timbers 2–1 San Jose Earthquakes Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 21,518
    Referee: Ramy Touchan
    September 23, 2023 31 Portland Timbers 3–2 Colorado Rapids Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 22,248
    Referee: Guido Gonzales Jr.
    September 30, 2023 32 LA Galaxy 3–3 Portland Timbers Carson, California
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Dignity Health Sports Park
    Attendance: 23,101
    Referee: Joseph Dickerson
    October 7, 2023 33 CF Montréal 4–1 Portland Timbers Montreal, Quebec
    16:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Saputo Stadium
    Attendance: 17,559
    Referee: Lukasz Szpala
    October 21, 2023 34 Portland Timbers 1–3 Houston Dynamo FC Portland, Oregon
    18:00 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 25,218
    Referee: Rubiel Vazquez
    Results by match round
    Matchday123456
    StadiumHAHAHA
    ResultWLLLDD
    Updated to match(es) played on March 4, 2023. Source: Major League Soccer
    A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss
    Results by location
    OverallHomeAway
    PldWDLGFGAGDPtsWDLGFGAGDWDLGFGAGD
    6 1 2 3 5 10  −5 5 1 1 1 2 2  0 0 1 2 3 8  −5

    Last updated: April 6, 2023.
    Source: Major League Soccer

    Cascadia Cup

    Standings
    Pos Team GP W L D GF GA GD Pts
    1 Portland Timbers 21104220
    2 Seattle Sounders 101014-30
    3 Vancouver Whitecaps FC 11001010

    Last updated: February 28, 2023.
    Source: Cascadia Cup

    Matches
    April 8, 2023 7 Cascadia Cup Vancouver Whitecaps FC 1–0 Portland Timbers Vancouver, British Columbia
    7:30pm PDT
    Report
    Stadium: BC Place
    Attendance: 17,029
    Referee: Nima Saghafi
    April 15, 2023 8 Cascadia Cup Portland Timbers 4–1 Seattle Sounders FC Portland, Oregon
    7:30pm PDT
    Report Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 25,218
    Referee: Drew Fischer
    May 13, 2023 12 Cascadia Cup Portland Timbers 3–1 Vancouver Whitecaps FC Portland, Oregon
    7:30pm PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 23,154
    Referee: Guido Gonzales Jr.
    June 3, 2023 16 Cascadia Cup Seattle Sounders FC 0–0 Portland Timbers Seattle, Washington
    1:30 p.m. PDT Ragen Yellow card 90+2' Report Chará Yellow card 7'
    Bravo Yellow card 70'
    Paredes Yellow card 79'
    Stadium: Lumen Field
    Attendance: 42,054
    Referee: Allen Chapman
    Note: Part of a doubleheader with OL Reign and Portland Thorns FC.[9]
    August 26, 2023 25 Cascadia Cup Portland Timbers 2–3 Vancouver Whitecaps FC Portland, Oregon
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 22,674
    Referee: Rosendo Mendoza
    September 2, 2023 27 Cascadia Cup Seattle Sounders FC 2–2 Portland Timbers Seattle, Washington
    19:30 PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Lumen Field
    Attendance: 37,031
    Referee: Jon Freemon

    U.S. Open Cup

      Win   Draw   Loss   Upcoming fixture

    April 26, 2023 3rd round Portland Timbers (MLS) Oregon 3–1California Orange County SC (USLC)Portland, Oregon
    7:30 PM PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 11,639
    Referee: Olvin Oliva
    May 10, 2023 round of 32 Portland Timbers (MLS) Oregon 3–4 Utah Real Salt Lake (MLS) Portland, Oregon
    7:30 PM PDT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 8,071
    Referee: Victor Rivas

    Leagues Cup

    Standings

    Pos Team Pld W PW PL L GF GA GD Pts Qualification UAN POR SJE
    1 Mexico UANL 2 2 0 0 0 3 1 +2 6 Advance to knockout stage 2–1 1–0
    2 United States Portland Timbers 2 1 0 0 1 3 2 +1 3 2–0
    3 United States San Jose Earthquakes 2 0 0 0 2 0 3 3 0
    Source: Leagues Cup
    Rules for classification: Tiebreakers
    Matches

      Win   Draw   Loss   Upcoming fixture

    July 22, 2023 Group stage Portland Timbers United States 2–0 United States San Jose Earthquakes Portland, Oregon
    7:00 PM PT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 21,137
    Referee: Víctor Alfonso Cáceres Hernández
    July 26, 2023 Group stage Portland Timbers United States 1–2 Mexico UANL Portland, Oregon
    7:00 PM PT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 21,755
    Referee: Walter López Castellanos
    August 4, 2023 R32 Portland Timbers United States 0–1 Mexico Monterrey Portland, Oregon
    7:00 PM PT
    Report
    Stadium: Providence Park
    Attendance: 18,770
    Referee: Guillermo Pacheco Larios

    Transfers

    Per league and club policy, terms of the deals are not disclosed except Targeted Allocation Money, General Allocation Money, draft picks, and international rosters spots.

    Transfers in

    Date Position Player Previous Club TAM GAM Notes Source
    Winter
    December 5, 2022 MF Brazil Evander Denmark FC Midtjylland N/A N/A Signed as a Designated Player. [10]
    February 25, 2023 DF United States Eric Miller United States Nashville SC N/A N/A Signed as a free agent. [11]
    March 13, 2023 FW Ivory Coast Franck Boli Hungary Ferencvárosi TC N/A N/A Occupy an International Roster Spot. [3]
    Summer

    Loans in

    Date Position Player Previous club TAM GAM Notes Source
    Winter
    Summer

    Loans out

    Date Position Player Loaned club TAM GAM Notes Source
    Winter
    Summer

    References

    1. "Portland Timbers Performance Stats – 2023–24". ESPN. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
    2. Kennedy, Paul (October 22, 2023). "MLS breaks attendance record". Soccer America. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
    3. "Timbers sign forward Franck Boli from Hungarian side Ferencvárosi TC". Portland Timbers. March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
    4. "Portland Timbers 2023 Roster". MLSSoccer.com. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
    5. "First Team Roster". Timbers.com. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    6. "PMeet Bruno Albino, the Portland Timbers' brand-new eMLS competitor". Retrieved December 7, 2022.
    7. "2023 Sounders FC-OL Reign doubleheader taking place June 3 with both teams facing archrival Portland" (Press release). Seattle Sounders FC. February 8, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
    8. "Postponed Colorado Rapids vs. Portland Timbers match set for July 12". MLSsoccer.com. July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
    9. "2023 Sounders FC-OL Reign doubleheader taking place June 3 with both teams facing archrival Portland" (Press release). Seattle Sounders FC. February 8, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
    10. "Timbers sign Brazilian international Evander as Designated Player". Portland Timbers. December 5, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
    11. "Timbers sign free agent defender Eric Miller". Portland Timbers. February 25, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.