2 Kings 12

2 Kings 12 is the twelfth chapter of the second part of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.[3] This chapter records the reign of Joash as the king of Judah.[4][5]

2 Kings 12
The pages containing the Books of Kings (1 & 2 Kings) Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
BookSecond Book of Kings
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part4
CategoryFormer Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part12

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 21 verses in Christian Bibles, but into 22 verses in the Hebrew Bible as in the verse numbering comparison table below.[6]

Verse numbering
Verse numbering for 2 Kings 11–12
EnglishHebrew
11:21 12:1
12:1–21 12:2–22

This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[7]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[8][lower-alpha 1]

Old Testament references

Analysis

A parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11–20 and 2 Kings 21–25, as follows:[11]

A. Athaliah, daughter of Ahab, kills royal seed (2 Kings 11:1)
B. Joash reigns (2 Kings 11–12)
C. Quick sequence of kings of Israel and Judah (2 Kings 13–16)
D. Fall of Samaria (2 Kings 17)
E. Revival of Judah under Hezekiah (2 Kings 18–20)
A'. Manasseh, a king like Ahab, promotes idolatry and kills the innocence (2 Kings 21)
B'. Josiah reigns (2 Kings 22–23)
C'. Quick succession of kings of Judah (2 Kings 24)
D'. Fall of Jerusalem (2 Kings 25)
E'. Elevation of Jehoiachin (2 Kings 25:27–30)[11]

This chapter consists of three parts:[12]

  1. Introductory regnal information (verses 1–3; also 11:21)
  2. Account of reign (verses 4–18) with two episodes
    1. Joash's financial arrangement for temple repairs (verses 4–16) and
    2. Joash's payment to Hazael from the temple fund to ward off the attack of the Arameas (verses 17–18)
  3. Concluding regnal information (verses 19–21)[12]

The Temple renovation during the reign of Joash (12:1–16)

Joash (or Jehoash) is given a relatively positive rating in the books of Kings, first because of his succession to replace the Omride queen Athaliah, and secondly due to his care of the temple of YHWH (the Chronicler notes that Jehoash became corrupt after the death of Jehoiada; 2 Chronicles 24:15–22[13]).[4] Joash arranged that temple renovation was no longer solely directed by the priests, but was decreed by the palace, and that donations for this project were placed in a collection box, to be counted communally at intervals, then given to a building administration (verses 6–12, 15).[4] As animal and vegetable sacrifices were reserved for God and his priests (verse 17), others could be made by paying in silver (shekel), so a group of lower caste 'priests who guarded the threshold' was assigned to deposit these in a designated chest (according to 2 Chronices 24:10, by the time of exile, the believers threw their money into the collection box themselves).[4]

Verse 1
In the seventh year of Jehu Jehoash began to reign; and forty years reigned he in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Zibiah of Beersheba.[14]

Verse 6
Now it was so, by the twenty-third year of King Jehoash, that the priests had not repaired the damages of the temple.[17]
  • "The 23th year of King Jehoash": According to Thiele's chronology, this period of time falls in 814/813 BCE.[18]

Joash's reign (12:17–21)

During the later parts of Joash's reign, Hazael, the king of Aram in Damascus (cf. 1 Kings 19:15–17; 2 Kings 8:7–15), placed both the northern kingdom of Jehu (cf. 2 Kings 10:32–33) and the kingdom of Judah under heavy burden of tributes.[4] The threat of Hazael to Jerusalem indicates a continuous concern for the Aramean invasion to the land of Israel since the time of Omri's dynasty to the early parts of Jehu's dynasty until king Jehoash ben Jehoahaz of Israel (the third in Jehu's line of kings) defeated the Arameans following the death of prophet Elisha (2 Kings 13:14–21).[12] The payment of tribute to Hazael may mean that all the funds for temple repairs collected by Jehoash (and his predecessors, such as Jehoshaphat, Jehoram and Ahaziah) were lost to the Arameans.[12]

Jehoash's assassination could be explained from historiographical perspectives, beginning with Jehoshaphat giving his son Jehoram in marriage to Athaliah, so the house of David thereafter descended from the house of Omri, and the next three kings of Judah (three generations) were assassinated[lower-alpha 2] as the consequences of Elijah's prophecy that every male of Ahab in Israel would be cut off (2 Kings 21:21) until the reign of Uzziah ben Amaziah of Judah which coincides the time king Jeroboam ben Jehoash of Israel restored the borders of Israel.[12]

Verse 19
And the rest of the acts of Joash, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?[19]
  • Cross reference: 2 Chronicles 24:27
  • "Are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?": This formal phrase concludes the account of almost every king of Judah (1 Kings 14:29; 1 Kings 15:7, 23; 1 Kings 22:45; 2 Kings 8:23; 2 Kings 14:18; 2 Kings 15:6, etc.).[20]

Verse 21
For Jozachar the son of Shimeath and Jehozabad the son of Shomer, his servants, struck him. So he died, and they buried him with his fathers in the City of David. Then Amaziah his son reigned in his place.[21]
  • Cross reference: 2 Chronicles 24:26
  • "Jozachar": or "Zabad" in 2 Chronicles 24:26.[22]
  • "Shomer: or "Shimrith" in 2 Chronicles 24:26.[23]

See also

Notes
  1. The whole book of 2 Kings is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[9]
  2. Ahaziah of Judah was murdered by Jehu's soldiers (2 Kings 9:27–28), Jehoash ben Ahaziah by his servants (2 Kings 12:20–21), and so was Amaziah, his son (2 Kings 14:19–20)

References
  1. Halley 1965, p. 211.
  2. Collins 2014, p. 288.
  3. McKane 1993, p. 324.
  4. Dietrich 2007, p. 256.
  5. Sweeney 2007, pp. 347–352.
  6. Note on 2 Kings 11:21 in NET Bible
  7. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
  8. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  9.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  10. 2 Kings 12, Berean Study Bible
  11. Leithart 2006, p. 266.
  12. Sweeney 2007, p. 349.
  13. Sweeney 2007, p. 350.
  14. 2 Kings 12:1 KJV or 2 Kings 12:2 in Hebrew Bible
  15. Note on 2 Kings 12:1 in ESV
  16. McFall 1991, no. 31.
  17. 2 Kings 12:6 NKJV or 2 Kings 12:7 in Hebrew Bible
  18. McFall 1991, no. 32.
  19. 2 Kings 12:19 KJV or 2 Kings 12:20 in Hebrew Bible
  20. Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "2 Kings 12". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019.
  21. 2 Kings 12:21 NKJV or 2 Kings 12:22 in Hebrew Bible
  22. Note [a] on 2 Kings 12:21 in NKJV
  23. Note [b] on 2 Kings 12:21 in NKJV

Sources
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