30 West 56th Street

30 West 56th Street (originally the Henry Seligman Residence) is a building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along 56th Street's southern sidewalk between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The five-story building was designed by C. P. H. Gilbert in the French Renaissance Revival style. It was constructed between 1899 and 1901 as a private residence, one of several on 56th Street's "Bankers' Row".

Henry Seligman Residence
The facade of the house as seen in March 2011
The house as seen in March 2011
General information
Location30 West 56th Street, Manhattan, New York, US
Coordinates40°45′46.0″N 73°58′34.2″W
Current tenantsAeffe USA
Construction started1899
Completed1901
ClientHenry Seligman
Technical details
Floor count6
Design and construction
Architect(s)C. P. H. Gilbert
DesignatedJuly 24, 2007[1]
Reference no.2227[1]

The main facade is largely clad with limestone, while the side facades are clad with brick and have limestone quoins. It is divided vertically into three bays. The ground story contains three openings within a wall of rusticated blocks; the center opening was the original main entrance. The second floor contains wood-framed windows and the third and fourth stories have window openings containing three panes; there are ornamental balconettes at the second and fourth stories. A cornice and mansard roof rises above the fourth floor. The interior was ornately decorated, with a marble reception hall, Japanese-style smoking room, and Gothic style library.

The house was commissioned for banker Henry Seligman, of J. & W. Seligman & Co., and his wife Adelaide. The couple was involved in numerous clubs and organizations and hosted events at the house until they both died in the early 1930s. Afterward, the house was leased to the Beethoven Association in 1934 and divided into apartments in 1941. The ground floor housed numerous restaurants starting in 1940, and modifications were made to the building in subsequent years. In 1994 it was purchased by Alberta Ferretti's firm Aeffe USA, which has occupied the building since 1996. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the house as an official landmark in 2007.

Site

30 West 56th Street is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the southern sidewalk of 56th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The land lot is slightly irregular and covers 4,350 square feet (404 m2), with a frontage of 41 feet (12 m) and a maximum depth of 110 feet (34 m).[2] The house was built by combining two rectangular lots:[3][4] one at 30 West 56th Street to the east, measuring 16 by 100 feet (4.9 by 30.5 m), and one at 32 West 56th Street to the west, measuring 25 by 110 feet (7.6 by 33.5 m).[5] The building is on the same block as the townhouses at 10, 12, and 26 West 56th Street, as well as the skyscraper at 712 Fifth Avenue and the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, all to the east. Other nearby buildings include The Peninsula New York hotel and the University Club of New York to the southeast; the Rockefeller Apartments to the south; 46 West 55th Street to the southwest; and 17 West 56th Street and the Crown Building to the northeast.[2][6]

Fifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century.[7] The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York.[8] The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring 100 feet (30 m) deep and 25 feet (7.6 m) wide.[9] Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War.[7][10] The block of 56th Street from Fifth to Sixth Avenue contained rowhouses by 1871, many of which were recessed from the lot line and had entrance stoops. By the end of the 19th century, the area had many wealthy residents, and the houses in the area were either modified or rebuilt altogether.[11] The adjacent block of 56th Street was developing into a "bankers' row", with the residences of Frederick C. Edey at number 10, H. B. Hollins at number 12, Edward Wasserman at number 33, and Arthur Lehman at number 31.[12] Many of these houses persisted through the mid-20th century as part of a restaurant and retail strip.[13]

Architecture

The Seligman House at 30 West 56th Street was designed by C. P. H. Gilbert in the Renaissance Revival style.[3][4][14] It was constructed by Harvey Murdock.[15] The building is five stories tall.[4] The facade is divided horizontally into three sections, and the windows on upper stories are progressively smaller, using forced perspective to create an illusion of a larger house.[16] In front of the entrances on 56th Street is a cement yard with fire standpipes and a metal grill.[17]

Facade
The facade as seen in 2021
Seen in 2021

The 56th Street facade is divided vertically into three bays. The first floor is clad with rusticated blocks of limestone and has three recessed doorways. The left and right doorways (respectively on the east and west) contain metal-and-glass doors with cast-stone frames. The central doorway is surrounded by a limestone frame and contains a short stoop with iron railings.[4] In the original design, there was a stoop with three steps.[18] The current stoop, which is not original, leads up to a sliding metal gate, behind which is a metal and glass door. Above the doorway is a decorative lintel with a cartouche.[4] A belt course with acanthus-leaf decorations runs above the entire first story. Atop the belt course, over the center doorway, is a projecting second-story balconette with a lion head motif at the middle, as well as acanthus leaves and torches separated by balusters. Above the left and right doorways are plain stone panels.[17]

The other stories on 56th Street are clad with limestone, which is mostly smooth except for quoin blocks on the extreme left and right sides. The second-floor window openings consist of wood-framed windows surrounded by inwardly curved limestone moldings with egg-and-dart motifs. Each second-story window has three panes: a pair of "bowed arched" panes at the bottom beneath a transom pane. The individual lintels above each window contain consoles, modillions, and rosettes. The third and fourth stories are surrounded by limestone. They were designed as wooden sash windows, which were replaced with casement windows beneath a transom. Above the center window on the third story is a cartouche and two brackets supporting an ornamental balconette with balusters, acanthus leaves, and beads. The center window at the fourth story is designed with two pairs of casement windows and two transoms, one on each side of a vertical limestone mullion that has a cartouche above it. Above the fourth story is a modillioned cornice with consoles on the far left and right.[17]

The mansard roof is covered with asphalt shingles but was originally clad with tile. Three segmental-arched dormers protrude from the roof on 56th Street. The left and right dormers each have one window, while the center dormer has two, one on each side of a vertical limestone mullion. The center dormer has an entablature above the windows, with consoles, modillions, and rosettes. Above the entablature of the center dormer, as well as the windows in the left and right dormers, are ornamental cartouches with leaf branches on either side. The top of the roof has copper trim and motifs of lion heads. On either end of the roof are chimneys with limestone caps and limestone parapet walls.[17]

There are party walls on both the east and west sides of the house, which are concealed by adjacent buildings beneath the fourth story. The visible portions of the party walls are clad with brick and have limestone quoins at the northern corner of the wall. Portions of the chimneys can also be seen on both walls.[17]

Interior
The house's original entrance hallway with a double-flight staircase
Photograph of original entrance hallway with double-flight staircase

Inside the main entrance was an entrance hall measuring 30 feet (9 m) deep and 40 feet (12 m) wide. The ceilings, walls, floors, and even the furniture and fireplaces were made of green marble; at the far end of the reception room were separate dressing and toilet rooms for male and female guests.[18] The hall led to a double-flight staircase connecting with the second floor, which in turn led to a space that was lit by a skylight at the roof.[13][18] The stairs were largely for decoration, as the house was equipped from the outset with an electric elevator.[18]

The other rooms had various styles.[13] The second floor had a drawing room at the front and a dining room in the rear, which was separated by the central hall and stairs. Behind the dining room, at the back of the lot, were two extensions around a private court, with the butler's pantry on one side and a smoking room on the other.[18] The smoking room was designed in a Japanese style.[13][18] At the front of the third floor was a private library designed in the Gothic style, with a ceiling, doors, and furniture designed in that style.[18] This design extended even to the wastebasket.[13][18] The rear of the third floor was used for the bedrooms, boudoir, and private bedrooms of the Seligman family. The rear of the fourth and fifth floors also contained private bedrooms.[18]

The original interiors had been modified in the mid-20th century but were restored to nearly their original condition during a 1990s renovation.[13] After that renovation, the second floor had a terrazzo floor with a yin and yang motif outside the elevator, as well as a full-height fireplace in one room and double-height windows in another room. The third floor contained a marble fireplace, glass chandeliers, and a wood floor. On that floor, the offices of the Italian designers had a molded plaster ceiling that was reproduced from the original design. The fourth and fifth floors had similar decorations, but slightly different designs were created for the showrooms on either floor.[19]

History

The house was commissioned for Henry Seligman, a prominent banker. He was born in 1857 and his father and uncles had cofounded the banking firm J. & W. Seligman & Co. in Lower Manhattan in 1864.[12] The company also developed branches around the world, though these branches had become independent by the 1890s.[20][21][22] The Seligman family was a prominent German- and Jewish-American family during the late 19th century and was nicknamed the "American Rothschilds".[12][23] In March 1899, Henry Seligman married 40-year-old Adelaide Walter,[22][24] who went by the nickname "Addie" and had previously been married to Henry's cousin David.[13][24][25]

Seligman residence
The house as seen in the Architectural Record in 1902
As depicted in 1902

In September 1899, Henry Seligman bought two four-story rowhouses at 30 and 32 West 56th Street from James Lenox Banks and Mrs. Sheppard Knapp, respectively.[5][26] He planned to build a new residence on the site.[5] Seligman took title to the rowhouses that October and demolished the structures two months later.[27] Seligman hired C. P. H. Gilbert to design his house. At the time, many wealthy residents around Fifth Avenue in Midtown were commissioning New York City's top architects to design their houses.[27] Fewer private dwellings were being constructed in Manhattan, and such dwellings were increasingly being constructed for wealthy individuals. According to Herbert Croly, there were one-sixth as many private houses being constructed in the borough in 1902 compared to in 1892, and average costs for individual houses had increased fourfold over that period.[18][28] By September 1901, the house had been completed.[27] The Seligman house had cost $200,000 (equivalent to $7,035,200 in 2022), while the average for comparable houses was $136,000 less (equivalent to $4,783,936 in 2022).[18]

The family held a housewarming party in January 1902, their first major event at the house, in which the Mannes Quartet held a performance on the second floor.[29] The Seligman couple's children Gladys, Rhoda, and Walter lived in the house, as did various waitstaff.[27] Gladys's marriage to Henry P. Wertheim took place at the house in 1905,[30] as did Rhoda's marriage to Frederick Lewissohn in 1907.[31] Henry Seligman was involved in numerous clubs and Republican Party politics.[32] Addie Seligman was also involved in the leadership of various clubs and societies, including the St. Cecilia Club musical organization, the Mount Sinai Training School for Nurses, and political organizations. She held various events at the house for these clubs.[27] In the 1910s, these included a speech for a group opposed to women's suffrage,[33] a dinner in which New York governor Charles Seymour Whitman was a guest,[34] and a contract bridge party to raise money for the YMCA.[35] The family also constructed houses at Elberon, New Jersey, and Palm Beach, Florida, which were respectively used as summer and winter homes.[25][27]

After World War I, the surrounding neighborhood was rapidly becoming a commercial zone, and many neighboring townhouses were converted to commercial use. The Seligman residence was one of the major exceptions to this trend, and the couple continued to live there until their respective deaths.[12] The house was renovated in 1923. The side entrances had originally contained service stairways, but these were removed. In addition, the windows were replaced.[4] The Seligman couple continued to host events, such as the receptions they gave each December before they left for their Palm Beach house,[36] some of which were accompanied by musical programs and special guests.[37] The annual December receptions ended when Henry Seligman died of a heart attack at his 56th Street home on December 23, 1933.[32] His funeral took place four days later on the second floor.[38] Addie Seligman, who had been ill for several weeks at the time of her husband's death, died a month later on January 31, 1934.[39]

Mid-20th century
Houses along the restaurant row of 56th Street, looking east, with 30 West 56th Street at center left
Looking east at the nearby restaurant row, with 30 West 56th Street at center left

Adelaide Seligman's estate auctioned the furniture and tableware in April 1934;[40][41] the dinner plates alone netted $2,660.92 (equivalent to $58,209.28 in 2022).[25] The Beethoven Association rented the house the same month for use as its new headquarters.[42][43] Early that June, the association opened its new quarters with a housewarming party.[44] Adelaide Seligman's estate sold the house in February 1935 to politician Joseph L. Buttenwieser, for about $77,500 (equivalent to $1,654,211.17 in 2022), while the house was still under lease to the Beethoven Association.[45][46] According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC), Buttenwieser did not live in the house and only owned it for investment purposes.[4] Throughout the Beethoven Association's occupancy, the house hosted events such as meetings for the American Musicological Society,[47] as well as benefit concerts.[48] The house was renovated in 1939 for private clubhouse usage.[4] In March 1940, the Beethoven Association moved out of the house, and the association disbanded two months later.[49]

Arthur D. Kunze acquired the house in May 1941.[50][51] At the time, it was occupied by the Horizon Club, described in The New York Times as "a social organization composed of Russians".[52] The ground floor was also occupied by Camillo Restaurant, which moved into the space in 1940. After acquiring the house, Kunze renovated the upper stories into residential apartments, which became home to various garment industry workers, actors, musicians, and singers.[4] The house was recorded as having 14 apartments when it was sold in January 1946 to David S, Meister[53] at an assessed value of $135,000 (equivalent to $2,025,922 in 2022).[54] By July 1947, a restaurant named Leslie House had opened within the building.[55] Monaco Restaurant opened in the house in 1949.[56] The light court in the rear was enclosed the next year, at which point the ground floor was occupied by Blair House Restaurant.[4] The restaurant's owner, Nickey Blair, hired Russell Patterson to redesign the restaurant interior, with the hope that the design and cuisine would attract guests.[57]

Late 20th century to present

By 1964, the restaurant space was occupied by Korean restaurant Arirang House.[58] Romeo Salta took over the restaurant space in 1971 for his own Italian restaurant.[59] The restaurant had relocated from another address on the same block, which it had occupied for nearly two decades previously. With its relocation to 30 West 56th Street, Salta was able to expand its space.[4] Another portion of the house was taken up by Alex & Walter, a gymnastics club, by the mid-1980s.[60] Around the same time, Italian clothing manufacturer Cerruti 1881 also had a store in the building.[61] The block's restaurant row declined in the two decades following the mid-1970s. Romeo Salta moved out of the house in 1994.[13]

Zingarella Realty Corp sold the house in 1994 to Aeffe USA Inc,[62] a fashion company operated by Alberta Ferretti.[63] The new tenant, Fashion Service USA, chose the house because it contained enough space for meetings and a showroom. The company planned to restore the space to its original condition; at the time, the rooms were mostly unchanged, but the center staircase had been demolished.[13] During the next two years, the house was renovated into a series of showrooms. The second floor contained space for the collections of Italian fashion house Moschino, while the third through fifth floors had the respective showrooms of Alberta Ferretti, Jean Paul Gaultier, and Rifat Ozbek.[19] On July 24, 2007, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the former Seligman residence at 30 West 56th Street as a city landmark, along with the Frederick C. Edey residence at 10 West 56th Street.[64] The Seligman house was transferred to Ferrim USA Inc in 2012 for $13.35 million.[65] As of 2021, Aeffe USA and Moschino still occupy the building.[66]

See also

References

    Citations
    1. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007, p. 1.
    2. "30 West 56 Street, 10019". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
    3. Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. p. 351. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395.
    4. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007, p. 5.
    5. "South of 60th Street". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 64, no. 1645. September 23, 1899. p. 440 – via columbia.edu.
    6. White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 326.
    7. "John Peirce Residence" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 23, 2009. p. 2. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
    8. Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps (1915). "The iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909 : compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps, plans, views, and documents in public and private collections". p. 67. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012 – via Internet Archive.
    9. Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 558. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
    10. Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1999). New York 1880: Architecture and Urbanism in the Gilded Age. Monacelli Press. p. 578. ISBN 978-1-58093-027-7. OCLC 40698653.
    11. "Harry B. Hollins Residence" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 19, 1984. p. 1. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
    12. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007, p. 2.
    13. Gray, Christopher (August 28, 1994). "Streetscapes/The Seligman Mansion, 30 East 56th Street; The Buyer Hopes to Reverse 'Eat Street's' Decline". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
    14. White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 336.
    15. "Of Interest to the Building Trades". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 67, no. 1726. April 13, 1901. p. 648 – via columbia.edu.
    16. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007, pp. 4–5.
    17. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007, p. 6.
    18. "Experts Say That Fewer Private Houses Are Building on Manhattan at This Christmastide Than for Many Years Previous". New-York Tribune. December 21, 1902. p. B8. ProQuest 571282751.
    19. Ozzard, Janet (October 3, 1996). "Moda on the Move". Women's Wear Daily. p. 6. ProQuest 305232286.
    20. Muir, R. L.; White, C. J. (1964). Over the Long Term: The Story of J. & W. Seligman & Co. Seligman. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
    21. Birmingham 2015, p. 197.
    22. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007, p. 3.
    23. Birmingham 2015, p. 160.
    24. "A Seligman Wedding". The Sun. March 12, 1899. p. 1. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
    25. Birmingham 2015, p. 409.
    26. "In the Real Estate Field; Dealings at Private Contract Involve Small Parcels -- Results in the Auction Room" (PDF). The New York Times. September 22, 1899. p. 10. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
    27. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007, p. 4.
    28. "The Contemporary New York Residence". Architectural Record. Vol. 12. 1902. pp. 705, 707.
    29. "What Is Doing in Society.: Henry Seligman's Reception With His Wife He Opens His New Home With a Large Musicale" (PDF). The New York Times. January 8, 1902. p. 7. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 96212747.
    30. "Wertheim - Seligman". The New York Times. April 25, 1905. p. 11. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
    31. "Miss Seligman a Bride.: Frederick Lewissohn Marries Daughter of New York Banker". The Washington Post. December 25, 1907. p. 2. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 144773089.
    32. "Henry Seligman, Banker, is Dead: Member of Investment House Succumbs to Heart Attack in His 77th Year" (PDF). The New York Times. December 23, 1933. p. 15. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 100798983.
    33. "Feminism Making a Tomcat of Father: by Destroying the Family Unit, Mrs. Martin Says, It Puts Him Out of Business" (PDF). The New York Times. April 3, 1914. p. 11. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 97486842.
    34. "Entertains Gov. Whitman.: Mrs. Henry Seligman Hostess at Dinner for Sixty at Her Home" (PDF). The New York Times. February 4, 1917. p. 18. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 99950819.
    35. "Bridge Party to Help Y.M.C.A." The Sun. November 23, 1917. p. 5. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
    36. "Many Give Dinners and Receptions: Mr. And Mrs. Henry Seligman Entertain Before Their Departure for Palm Beach" (PDF). The New York Times. December 18, 1925. p. 23. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103581976.
    37. "Seligmans Give a Dinner: A Musicale Follows at Their New York Home" (PDF). The New York Times. December 16, 1926. p. 30. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103860020.
    38. "Associates Mourn Henry Seligman: the Rev. Dr. Stephen S. Wise Eulogizes Kindliness and Integrity of Financier" (PDF). The New York Times. December 27, 1933. p. 19. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 100792073.
    39. "Mrs. Henry Seligman: Widow of Investment Banker a Prominent Welfare Worker" (PDF). The New York Times. February 1, 1934. p. 19. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101090187.
    40. "Work of Masters to Go at Art Sale: More Than 150 Lots of Paintings From Ehrich Collection Will Be Auctioned" (PDF). The New York Times. April 15, 1934. p. N2. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101042425.
    41. "Gallery to Auction Art In Mrs. Harriman Estate: Oil Paintings Exhibited as Prelude to Tuesday Sale". New York Herald Tribune. April 15, 1934. p. 22. ProQuest 1114796448.
    42. "Beethoven Association Rents Seligman House" (PDF). The New York Times. April 25, 1934. p. 40. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101098264.
    43. "Beethoven Association Rents Seligman Dwelling". New York Herald Tribune. April 25, 1934. p. 37. ProQuest 1114856380.
    44. "Musicians at Housewarming". New York Herald Tribune. June 8, 1934. p. 17. ProQuest 1114833460.
    45. "Real Estate Transactions From the City and Suburban Fields: Buttenweiser Buys Dwelling In 56th Street Takes Seliginan Residence in All-Cash Transaction; Bronx Apartments Sold New Family for Strathmore". New York Herald Tribune. February 20, 1935. p. 38. ProQuest 1221778111.
    46. "Former Seligman Home Sold on West 56th Street" (PDF). The New York Times. February 20, 1935. p. 38. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101564244.
    47. "Musicologists Begin a 6-Day Meeting Here: Message by Romuin Holland Urges Society lo Create International Library". New York Herald Tribune. September 12, 1939. p. 20. ProQuest 1325006231.
    48. "Godowsky Fund: Benefit Series of Concerts Scheduled for Three Sundays". New York Herald Tribune. February 19, 1939. p. E6. ProQuest 1243136158.
    49. "Beethoven Association Votes To Disband After 22 Years' Work: Organization of Musicians Dissolves as Receipts Slump at Benefit Concerts; City May Get Large Collection of Works and Books on Composer". New York Herald Tribune. May 13, 1940. p. 13. ProQuest 1247510328.
    50. "Arthur D. Kunze Buyer Of Old Seligman House". New York Herald Tribune. May 1, 1941. p. 35. ProQuest 1324143392.
    51. "Real Estate Notes". The New York Times. May 3, 1941. p. 27. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 106147486.
    52. "Lasker Wins 16 Games: Loses One Chess Match, Draws One at the Horizon Club" (PDF). The New York Times. March 20, 1941. p. 27. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 105537568.
    53. "West Side Parcels in New Ownership: Apartments and Dwellings Form Bulk of Activity-- 12th Ave. Lot Sold" (PDF). The New York Times. January 10, 1946. p. 36. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 107568471.
    54. "Simons to Erect 19-Story House On 5th Avenue: Large Building on Whitney Corner Will Have 106 Suites, Cost $2,000,000". New York Herald Tribune. January 10, 1946. p. 34. ProQuest 1287110002.
    55. "A Chef Describes Some Favorite Recipes, Including One for Scallops En Brochette" (PDF). The New York Times. July 10, 1947. p. 25. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 107886058.
    56. "Pittston and Luzerne Men Open Restaurant". The Wilkes-Barre Record. October 17, 1949. p. 11. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
    57. Gaver, Jack (April 4, 1951). "Up and Down Broadway". The Terre Haute Tribune. p. 4. Retrieved June 1, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
    58. "Some City Restaurants Cater to Child's Needs". The New York Times. July 6, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
    59. Claiborne, Craig (April 2, 1971). "Restaurant Food Is Not Sole Criterion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
    60. Schiro, Anne-Marie (May 24, 1986). "Building the Body: Aerobics to Gymnastics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
    61. Shaman, Diana (April 19, 1987). "In the Region: Long Island; Demand Grows for Specialty-Shop Strips". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
    62. "Deed; Grantor: Zingarella Realty Corp; Grantee: Aeffe Usa, Inc". New York City Department of Finance; Office of the City Register. July 27, 1994. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
    63. Schiro, Anne-Marie (June 2, 1998). "Patterns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
    64. Dunlap, David W. (July 24, 2007). "Two Midtown Town Houses Are Designated Landmarks". City Room. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
    65. "Deed; Grantor: Aeffe Usa, Inc; Grantee: Ferrim Usa, Inc". New York City Department of Finance; Office of the City Register. September 28, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
    66. "Boutiques". Aeffe Group. March 25, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2021.

    Sources
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to 30 West 56th Street.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.