37th G8 summit

The 37th G8 summit was held on 26–27 May 2011 in Deauville, France.[1]

37th G8 summit
Official logo
Host countryFrance
Dates26–27 May 2011
Follows36th G8 summit
Precedes38th G8 summit

Previous G8 summits have been hosted by France in locations which include Rambouillet (1975); Versailles (1982); Grande Arche, Paris (1989); Lyon (1996); and Évian-les-Bains (2003).[2]

Overview
French President Nicolas Sarkozy was the host of the 37th G8 summit in Deauville, France.

The Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States starting in 1976. The Group of Seven (G7), meeting for the first time in 1979, was formed with the addition of Canada. Hence, The Group of Eight (G8), meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia.[3] In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981.[4] The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.[5]

The G8 summits have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.[6]

The form and functions of the G8 were reevaluated as the G20 summits evolved into the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic cooperation.[7] The "new G8" is refocusing on the subjects of common interest to the G8 countries, including geopolitical and security issues.[2]

The forum continues to be in a process of transformation.[8]

Leaders at the summit

The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[4]

The 37th G8 summit was the last summit for French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan and Dmitry Medvedev as President of Russia (Medvedev would return to the 38th G8 summit the following year as Prime Minister of Russia, leading Russian delegates in place for the newly elected President Vladimir Putin).

Participants
G8 leaders walking to the first working session at summit in Deauville. Left to right: European Commission President José Manuel Barroso; US President Barack Obama; French President Nicolas Sarkozy; Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper; Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan; German Chancellor Angela Merkel; and British Prime Minister David Cameron
Traditional "family photo" at the G8 summit meeting in Deauville

These summit participants represent the current core members of the international forum:[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Core G8 members
Host state and leader are shown in bold text.
Member Represented by Title
Canada Canada Stephen Harper Prime Minister
France France Nicolas Sarkozy President
Germany Germany Angela Merkel Chancellor
Italy Italy Silvio Berlusconi Prime Minister
Japan Japan Naoto Kan Prime Minister
Russia Russia Dmitry Medvedev President
United Kingdom United Kingdom David Cameron Prime Minister
United States United States Barack Obama President
European Union European Union José Manuel Barroso Commission President
Herman Van Rompuy Council President
Guest Invitees (Countries)
Member Represented by Title
Algeria Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika President
Ivory Coast Cote d'Ivoire Alassane Ouattara President
Egypt Egypt Essam Sharaf Prime Minister
Ethiopia Ethiopia Meles Zenawi Prime Minister
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo President
Guinea Guinea Alpha Conde President
Niger Niger Mahamadou Issoufou President
Nigeria Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan[lower-alpha 1] President
Senegal Senegal Abdoulaye Wade President
South Africa South Africa Jacob Zuma President
Tunisia Tunisia Beji Caid Essebsi Prime Minister
Guest Invitees (International Institutions)
Member Represented by Title
African Union Jean Ping Chairperson
New Partnership for Africa's Development
Arab League Arab League Amr Moussa Secretary-General
International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund John Lipsky Managing Director
United Nations United Nations Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General
World Bank Group Robert Zoellick President

Priorities

Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, but world events caused the list of topics to expand, including such issues such as the Fukushima nuclear accident,[20] the European sovereign debt crisis,[21] the conflict in Libya, Iran's nuclear programme, Syria's crackdown on pro-democracy protests, and the selection of a new managing director for the International Monetary Fund.[22]

Issues

The summit is a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.[5] The G8 has become a forum for political and strategic discussions, and as a caucus within the G20.[23]

Schedule and Agenda

The agenda for the summit included some issues which remained unresolved from previous summits.[24] French general priorities included:

  1. New common challenges: the Internet, innovation, green growth and a sustainable economy, and nuclear safety[25]
  2. The 'Arab Springs': a partnership for democracy[25]
  3. Strengthening the partnership with Africa: a long-term vision[25]
  4. Peace and security: traditional themes of the G8[25]

Some of the specific topics on the agenda were:

  • Afghanistan;[26]
  • G8 + Broader Middle East and North Africa (BMENA);[27]
  • The Internet: new challenges[28]
  • Non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction[29]
  • The G8's Partnership with Africa[30]
  • Transatlantic Cocaine Trafficking[31]
  • Counter-terrorism[32]
  • G8 political and security issues[33]

Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses
Front banner of the anti-G8 demonstration in Le Havre prior to the G8 summit, featuring the "G8 dégage" theme

Protest groups and other activists were expected to make a showing at the summit.[34] The slogan G8 dégage ("G8 Go Away") was a recurring element of the demonstrations.[35]

Protesters expressed their concerns about capitalism and what they perceive as the imperialism of western liberal democracies. The demonstrators are widely understood to be against globalisation.[35]

Accomplishments

This annual gathering of international leaders is an international event which is observed and reported by news media; and the G8's relevance and accomplishments are continuing topics of discussion.[36] The event brings leaders together not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together.[37]

The 2011 summit meeting was marked by what the G8 called the "Deauville Partnership" with the people of North Africa.[38] As a start, $20 billion were pledged in support for Tunisian and Egyptian reforms due to the Arab Spring.[39]

Security
Police cars in Deauville belonging to the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité

Security planning was designed to ensure that the summit's formal agenda can remain the primary focus of the attendees' discussions;[40] but effectively this meant converting the seaside resort into a fortress for the G8.[41]

Budget

In 2010, Sarkozy projected that the summits in Deauville and Cannes would cost "ten times less" than the preceding Canadian summits.[42]

Business opportunity

For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event. For example, the G8 Summit magazines have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998.[43]

According to the Mayor of Deauville, "Our main interest is the economic implications."[44]

Core G8 participants

See also

Notes
  1. Présidence française du G20 et du G8, Dossier de presse,p. 27 Archived 2011-02-14 at the Wayback Machine; excerpt, Le sommet du G8 aura lieu les 26 et 27 mai à Deauville (The G8 summit will take place on May, 26th and 27th in Deauville); "Le prochain G20 aura lieu à Cannes," Le point (France). 12 November 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011
  2. G20/G8 France 2011 official site, What is G8? Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  3. Parliament (UK), "G20 rises, G7 & G8 fall?"; see G8 + G20 + BRICs represented in relational graphic at bottom of page; retrieved 13 February 2011
  4. "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?" Reuters (UK), 3 July 2008; retrieved 13 February 2011
  5. Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, p. 205.
  6. "Influencing Policy on International Development: G8," Archived 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008; retrieved 13 February 2011
  7. Parliament (UK): Townsend, Ian. "G20 & the November 2010 Seoul summit" (SN/EP/5028) Archived November 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, 19 October 2010; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation" citing "Pittsburgh G20 Leaders’ summit communiqué," Archived 2010-06-12 at the Wayback Machine 25 September 2009, paragraph 50.
  8. Congressional Record Service, R40977: Nelson, Rebecca M. "Implications of the transition from G-7 to G20," pp. 22-26. The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress, 9 December 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011
  9. Rieffel, Lex. "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)," Archived June 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Brookings (US). 27 March 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011
  10. "G8 highlights euro debt risk to world economy," Independent (UK). May 26, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  11. Wintour, Patrick. "G8 summit: UK offers Egypt and Tunisia £110m to Boost Democracy,: Guardian (UK). 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  12. Brost, Marc and Jörg Lau. "Ab in die Ecke," Die Zeit (Germany). 26 Mai 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26
  13. "Deauville, Berlusconi a Obama: da noi dittatura dei giudici di sinistra," Corriere della Sera (Italy). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  14. Tang Danlu. "EU leaders meet press before G8 summit," Xinhua (PRC). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  15. "AU demands end to NATO Libya strikes," Archived 2012-03-18 at the Wayback Machine Agence France Presse (AFP), 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26
  16. Bejot, Jean-Pierre. "Les bons élèves de la « démocratie » africaine invités au bord de la mer par Nicolas Sarkozy," La Dépêche Diplomatique Afrique (Senegal). 25 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  17. MacCormaic, Ruadhán. "G8 summit set to approve aid package for Tunisia and Egypt," Irish Times (Eire). 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  18. Babalola, Jide. "Ki-Moon in Nigeria to push health campaign," Archived 2011-05-27 at the Wayback Machine The Nation (Nigeria). 23 May 2011; 2011-05-27
  19. Shehu, Mohammed. "Ash Cloud Stops Jonathan's Trip to France," Daily Trust (Nigeria). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  20. Jessop-Kolesnikov, Sonia. "As G-8 Meets, Asian Leaders Seek a Bigger Role," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  21. Erlanger, Steven and Liz Alderman. "Euro Crisis Looms for Group of 8," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  22. MacCormaic, Ruadhán. "G8 summit set to approve aid package for Tunisia and Egypt," Irish Times
  23. Jessop-Kolesnikov, "As G-8 Meets"; excerpt, According to Tommy Koh of Singapore, "the 2008 global financial crisis showed that a body that more accurately reflected the weight of emerging economies was needed to help steer the world out of that crisis .... G-20 has thus supplanted the G-8 as the main body for global financial and economic cooperation [and] the G-8 still remains as a forum for political and strategic discussions, and as a caucus within the G-20"; retrieved 2011-05-26
  24. Kaur, Hardev. "G20 leaders must deliver on their promises," The New Straits Times (Malaysia). 20 February 2009.
  25. G20/G8 France 2011, "The priorities of the French Presidency" Archived 2012-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
  26. G20/G8 France 2011, Afghanistan Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  27. Karabell, Zachary. "On the Heels of Revolution, Economic Realities Arrive," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; G20/G8 France 2011, "G8 + BMENA" Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  28. G20/G8 France 2011, Internet challenges Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  29. G20/G8 France 2011,Non-proliferation/WMDs; retrieved 13 February 2011
  30. G20/G8 France 2011, G8 + Partnership with Africa; retrieved 13 February 2011
  31. G20/G8 France 2011, Cocaine trafficking Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  32. G20/G8 France 2011, Counter-terrorism Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  33. G20/G8 France 2011,Political and security issues Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  34. Crispian Balmer and Kevin Liffey. "Q+A: Election defeat poses problems for Sarkozy," Reuters (UK). 21 March 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011
  35. Haddadi, Anissa. "Obama in Deauville tomorrow: Farewell to the UK and Hello anti G8 Protesters," Archived 2013-01-26 at archive.today International Business Times (UK). 25 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  36. MacCormaic, "G8 summit set to approve aid package," Irish Times; Lee, Don. "On eve of summit, G-8's relevance is unclear," Los Angeles Times (US). 6 July 2008; retrieved 2011-05-27
  37. Feldman, Adam. "What's Wrong With The G-8," Forbes (US). 7 July 2008.
  38. Zhang Xiang. "G8 leaders wrap up summit, pledge billions of dollars for new partnership with Arab," Xinhua (PRC). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  39. Wintour, Patrick. "G8 summit to pledge £12bn for Arab spring states," Guardian (UK). 27 May, 2011; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110530010615/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43190972/ns/world_news/ "G-8 leaders back Arab Spring revolts," MSNBC (US). May 27, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  40. Schuetze, Christopher A. "A French Town's Bright Shine Belies Its Size," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  41. "Deauville transformé en forteresse pour le G8 des 26 et 27 mai,"
  42. "Sarkozy says his G8/G20 will cost one-tenth of Canada’s," Globe and Mail (Canada). 27 June 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011
  43. Prestige Media: Archived 2009-05-19 at the Wayback Machine "official" G8 Summit magazine Archived 2009-05-18 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  44. Schuetze, "A French Town"; retrieved 2011-05-26
  1. The President of Nigeria was invited, but Goodluck Jonathan decided not to attend at the last minute. He worried that volcanic ash from an eruption in Iceland might delay his return flight to Nigeria; and this could disrupt his planned inauguration ceremonies on May 29.[19]

References
  • Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3; ISBN 978-0-203-45085-7; OCLC 39013643
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