Sixth Dynasty of Egypt

The Sixth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty VI), along with the Third, Fourth and Fifth Dynasty, constitutes the Old Kingdom of Dynastic Egypt.

Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
c. 2345 BC–c. 2181 BC
Ankhnesmeryre II and son Pepi II
Ankhnesmeryre II and son Pepi II
CapitalMemphis
Common languagesEgyptian language
Religion
ancient Egyptian religion
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Historical eraBronze Age
• Established
c. 2345 BC
• Disestablished
c. 2181 BC
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt
All years are BC
Early
Pre-dynastic period
First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty II 2890–2686
Old Kingdom
Third Dynasty III 2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181
First Intermediate
Seventh Dynasty VII spurious
Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040
Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061
Middle Kingdom
Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649
Second Intermediate
Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) XV 1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549
New Kingdom
Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077
Third Intermediate
Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian) XXV 732–653
Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525
XXVII 525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343
XXXI 343–332
Hellenistic Egypt
Thirty-second Dynasty XXXII 332–305
Thirty-third Dynasty XXXIII 305–30
Roman Egypt
XXXIV 30–313 AD
See also: List of pharaohs by period and dynasty
Periodization of ancient Egypt

Pharaohs

Known pharaohs of the Sixth Dynasty are listed in the table below.[1] Manetho accords the dynasty 203 regnal years from Teti to Nitocris, while the Turin Canon assigns 181 regnal years, but with three additional kings concluding with Aba – discounting the reigns of the added Eighth Dynasty kings, this is reduced to 155 regnal years.[2] This estimate varies between both scholar and source.[lower-alpha 1]

Dynasty VI pharaohs
Name of KingThrone or Horus Name[10]ImageProposed DatesEstimated Regnal DurationPyramidQueen(s)
Teti(Horus) Seheteptawy2345–2333 BCManetho: 30–33 years
Royal Turin Canon (RTC): < 7 months
Cattle count: 6th = 12–13 years[2][11]		Pyramid of Teti at SaqqaraIput I
KhuitKhentkaus IV

Neith

Userkare(unknown)2333–2331 BCManetho: Unattested,[12] possibly involved in Teti's murder[13]
RTC: Possibly lost in lacuna[14]
Cattle count: Unknown, lost in lacuna(?)[15]
Pepi INefersahor (originally)
Merenre (later)		2331–2287 BCManetho: 52 years[2]
RTC: 20 or 44 years[16]
Cattle count: 25th = 49–50 years[17]		Pyramid of Pepi I in South SaqqaraAnkhesenpepi I
Ankhesenpepi II
Nubwenet
Meritites IV
Inenek-Inti
Mehaa
Nedjeftet
Nemtyemsaf IMerenre2287–2278 BCManetho: 7 years
RTC: 6 years
Cattle count: 5th + 1 year = 10 years[18]		Pyramid of Merenre in South SaqqaraAnkhesenpepi II
Pepi IINeferkare2278–2184 BCManetho: 94 years
RTC: > 90 years
Cattle count: 33rd = 64–66 years[19][20]		Pyramid of Pepi II in South SaqqaraNeith
Iput II
Ankhesenpepi III
Ankhesenpepi IV
Udjebten
Nemtyemsaf IIMerenre [Nemty?]emsaf
2184 BCManetho: 1 year[21][20]
RTC: 1 year, 1 month[22]
Netjerkare Siptah
or
Nitocris		(unknown)2184–2181 BCManetho: Nitocris for 12 years[21]
RTC: Originally thought to identify Nitocris,[23] a recent study of the papyrus has altered this assessment in favour of Netjerkare, who is also attested on the Abydos king list.[24]

History

The Sixth Dynasty is considered by many authorities as the last dynasty of the Old Kingdom, although The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt[25] includes Dynasties VII and VIII as part of the Old Kingdom. Manetho writes that these kings ruled from Memphis, since their pyramids were built at Saqqara, very close one to another.[26]

By the Fifth Dynasty, the religious institution had established itself as the dominant force in society;[27] a trend of growth in the bureaucracy and the priesthood, and a decline in the pharaoh's power had been established during Neferirkare Kakai's reign.[28] During Djedkare Isesi's rule, officials were endowed with greater authority—evidenced by the opulent private tombs they constructed—eventually leading to the creation of a feudal system in effect.[29] These established trends—decentralization of authority, coupled with growth in bureaucracy—intensified during the three decades of Unas's rule, which also witnessed economic decline.[30] This continued on into Sixth Dynasty, leading into the First Intermediate Period.[31]

Teti
Main article: Teti

Teti is identified as the first king of the Sixth Dynasty[32][13] by Manetho, after the conclusion of the reign of Unas.[32] He acceded to the throne in the 23rd century BC.[33]

Teti is assigned a regnal duration of 30 or 33 years by Manetho[34] — improbably long as the celebration of a Sed festival is not attested to, and the latest date recorded corresponds to the sixth cattle count, 12 or 13 years into his reign. The Royal Canon of Turin (RTC) gives another unlikely estimate of seven months.[11] The archaeologist Hartwig Altenmüller mediates between Manetho and the record of the cattle count to offer a reign length of around 23 years.[34] The Egyptologists Peter Clayton and William Smith accord 12 years to his reign.[35][36][lower-alpha 2]

The relationship between Teti and his predecessors remains unclear, but his wife Iput is thought to be a daughter of Unas.[32][36] This would mean that Teti ascended to the throne as Unas's son-in-law.[34] His inauguration solved a potential succession crisis, Unas had died without a male heir.[31] Teti adopted the Horus name Seheteptawy (meaning "He who pacifies the Two Lands") to establish his reign as one of renewed political unity.[35] The transition appears to have occurred smoothly,[36][13] and Teti retained officials from his predecessors of the Fifth Dynasty, such as viziers Mehu and Kagemni who had begun their careers under Djedkare Isesi.[34] Despite this, the RTC too inserts a break between Unas and Teti, which the Egyptologist Jaromìr Malek contends relates to a "change of location of the capital and royal residence".[32] The capital migrated from "White Wall" to the populous suburbs further south to "Djed-isut"—derived from the name of Teti's pyramid and pyramid town, and located east of the monument. The royal residence might have been yet further south, in the valley away and across a lake from the city, east of South Saqqara—where the pyramids of Djedkare Isesi and Pepi I were built.[39]

Teti had his daughter, Sesheshet, married to one of his viziers and later chief priest, Mereruka, a clear sign of his interest in co-operating with the noble class.[40] Mereruka was buried close to Teti's pyramid, in a lavish tomb in North Saqqara.[11][35] As part of his policy of pacification, Teti issued a decree exempting the temple at Abydos from taxation. He was the first ruler to be closely associated with the cult of Hathor at Dendera.[11] Abroad, Teti maintained trade relations with Byblos and Nubia.[35]

Teti commissioned the construction of a pyramid at North Saqqara. His pyramid follows the standard set by Djedkare Isesi, with a base length of 78.5 m (258 ft; 150 cu) converging to the apex at ~53° attaining a peak height of 52.5 m (172 ft; 100 cu).[41] The substructure of the pyramid was very similar to Unas's and Djedkare Isesi's; it had a descending corridor and horizontal passage guarded at about the middle by three granite portcullises, leading to an antechamber flanked to its east by the serdab with its three recesses and to its west by the burial chamber containing the sarcophagus.[42] The walls of the chambers and a section of the horizontal passage were inscribed with Pyramid Texts, as in Unas' pyramid.[43] The mortuary temple, with the exception of its entrance, conforms to the same basic plans as his predecessors.[43][44] The complex contained a cult pyramid to the south-east of the pyramid with base length 15.7 m (52 ft; 30 cu).[45] The causeway connecting to the mortuary temple is yet to be excavated,[44] while the valley temple and pyramid town are entirely missing.[43] Teti's pyramid became the site of a large necropolis, and included the pyramids of his wives Neith and Iput, mother of Pepi I.[46][47] Iput's skeleton was discovered buried in her pyramid in a wooden coffin.[46]

Manetho claims that Teti was assassinated by a bodyguard, but no contemporary sources confirm this.[35][48] The story, if true, might explain the references to the ephemeral ruler Userkare, proposed to have briefly reigned between Teti and Pepi I.[35] Userkare is attested to in the Royal Turin Canon and Abydos king-list, and is mentioned in several contemporaneous documents.[11]

Pepi I

During this dynasty, expeditions were sent to Wadi Maghara in the Sinai Peninsula to mine for turquoise and copper, as well as to the mines at Hatnub and Wadi Hammamat. The pharaoh Djedkara sent trade expeditions south to Punt and north to Byblos, and Pepi I sent expeditions not only to these locations, but also as far as Ebla in modern-day Syria.

Pepi II

The most notable member of this dynasty was Pepi II, who is credited with a reign of 94 years.[49]

Nitiqret

Also known by the Greek name Nitocris, this woman is believed by some authorities to have been not only the first female pharaoh but the first queen in the world, although it is currently accepted that her name is actually a mistranslation of the king Neitiqerty Siptah.

Seated statue of an official on block chair. Limestone. 6th Dynasty. From Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London

The rise of the nobility

With the growing number of biographical inscriptions in non-royal tombs,[50] our knowledge of the contemporary history broadens.[51] For example, we hear of an unsuccessful plot against Pepi I.[52] We also read a letter written by the young king Pepi II, excited that one of his expeditions will return with a dancing pygmy from the land of Yam, located to the south of Nubia.[53]

These non-royal tomb inscriptions are but one example of the growing power of the nobility, which further weakened the absolute rule of the king. As a result, it is believed that on the death of the long-lived Pepi II his vassals were entrenched enough to resist the authority of his many successors, which may have contributed to the rapid decline of the Old Kingdom.

Notes
  1. Proposed dates for the Sixth Dynasty: c. 2460–2200 BC,[3] c. 2374–2200 BC,[2] c. 2370–2190 BC,[4] c. 2345–2181 BC,[5][6][7] c. 2323–2150 BC,[8][9] c. 2282–2117 BC.[1]
  2. Proposed dates for Teti's reign: c. 2374–2354 BC,[34] c. 2345–2333 BC,[35] c. 2345–2323 BC,[32][37] c. 2323–2191 BC,[8][9] c. 2282–2270 BC.[38]

References
  1. Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 70.
  2. Altenmüller 2001, p. 601.
  3. Grimal 1992, p. 390.
  4. Verner 2001d, p. 473.
  5. Bard 1999, Chronology.
  6. Clayton 1994, p. 30.
  7. Shaw 2003, pp. 482–483.
  8. Allen et al. 1999, p. xx.
  9. Lehner 2008, p. 8.
  10. Leprohon 2013, pp. 42–43.
  11. Grimal 1992, p. 81.
  12. Manetho & Waddell 1964, p. 53.
  13. Leclant 1999, p. 10.
  14. Baud & Dobrev 1995, p. 59.
  15. Baud & Dobrev 1995, pp. 59 & 66.
  16. Ryholt 1997, pp. 13–14.
  17. Baud & Dobrev 1995, pp. 46–49.
  18. Altenmüller 2001, p. 603.
  19. Altenmüller 2001, p. 604.
  20. Leclant 1999, p. 11.
  21. Manetho & Waddell 1964, p. 55.
  22. Baker 2008, pp. 211–212.
  23. Grimal 1992, p. 89.
  24. Theis 2010, pp. 325–326.
  25. Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
  26. Gardiner, Alan, Sir (1964). Egypt of the Pharaohs. Oxford University Press. p. 91.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. Grimal 1992, pp. 89–90.
  28. Verner 2001b, pp. 589–590.
  29. Grimal 1992, p. 79.
  30. Verner 2001b, p. 90.
  31. Grimal 1992, p. 80.
  32. Malek 2003, p. 103.
  33. Verner 2001b, p. 590.
  34. Altenmüller 2001, p. 602.
  35. Clayton 1994, p. 64.
  36. Smith 1962, p. 48.
  37. Shaw 2003, p. 482.
  38. Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 288.
  39. Malek 2003, p. 104.
  40. Grimal 1992, pp. 80–81.
  41. Lehner 2008, pp. 156–157.
  42. Verner 2001d, pp. 343–344.
  43. Lehner 2008, p. 156.
  44. Verner 2001d, p. 344.
  45. Lehner 2008, p. 157.
  46. Clayton 1994, p. 65.
  47. Verner 2001d, pp. 347–350.
  48. Kanawati 2003, p. 157.
  49. Shaw, Ian (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
  50. Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt. Vol. Part One. Chicago. sections 282–390.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  51. Shaw, Ian (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
  52. Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt. Vol. Part One. Chicago. section 310.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  53. Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt. Vol. Part One. Chicago. sections 350–354.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Sources
  • Allen, James; Allen, Susan; Anderson, Julie; et al. (1999). Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-8109-6543-0. OCLC 41431623.
  • Altenmüller, Hartwig (2001). "Old Kingdom: Sixth Dynasty". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 601–605. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
  • Baker, Darrel D. (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC. London: Stacey International. ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9.
  • Bard, Kathryn, ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
  • Baud, Michel; Dobrev, Vassil (1995). "De nouvelles annales de l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Une "Pierre de Palerme" pour la VIe dynastie". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale (in French). 95: 23–92. ISSN 0255-0962.
  • Clayton, Peter A. (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.
  • Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05128-3.
  • Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8.
  • Kanawati, Naguib (2003). Conspiracies in the Egyptian Palace: Unis to Pepy I. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-16673-6.
  • Leclant, Jean (1999). "A Brief History of the Old Kingdom". Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 3–12. ISBN 978-0-8109-6543-0. OCLC 41431623.
  • Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3.
  • Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. Vol. 33 of Writings from the ancient world. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-589-83736-2.
  • Malek, Jaromir (2003). "The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2160 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–107. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
  • Manetho; Waddell, William Gillan (1964). Aegyptiaca. The Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 1067847872.
  • Ryholt, Kim (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 B.C. CNI publications. Vol. 20. Copenhagen: The Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies: Museum Tusculam Press. ISBN 87-7289-421-0.
  • Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
  • Smith, William Stevenson (1962). "XIV: The Old Kingdom in Egypt and the Beginning of the First Intermediate Period". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–72. OCLC 879104162.
  • Theis, Christoffer (2010). Kahl, Jochem; Kloth, Nicole (eds.). "Die Pyramiden der Ersten Zwischenzeit, Nach philologischen und archäologischen Quellen". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur (in German). Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. Band 39: 321–339. ISBN 978-3-87548-584-4. ISSN 0340-2215.
  • Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 585–591. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
  • Verner, Miroslav (2001d). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.