Apolipoprotein C-I

Apolipoprotein C-I is a protein component of lipoproteins that in humans is encoded by the APOC1 gene.[3][4]

APOC1
Available structures
PDBHuman UniProt search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesAPOC1, Apo-CI, ApoC-I, apo-CIB, apoC-IB, apolipoprotein C1, Apolipoprotein C-I
External IDsOMIM: 107710 HomoloGene: 136749 GeneCards: APOC1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

341

n/a

Ensembl

ENSG00000130208

n/a

UniProt

P02654

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001645
NM_001321065
NM_001321066
NM_001379687

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001307994
NP_001307995
NP_001636
NP_001366616

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 19: 44.91 – 44.92 Mbn/a
PubMed search[2]n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human
ApoC-I
structural studies of a baboon (papio sp.) plasma protein inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transferase.
Identifiers
SymbolApoC-I
PfamPF04691
InterProIPR006781
SCOP21ale / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the apolipoprotein C family. This gene is expressed primarily in the liver, and it is activated when monocytes differentiate into macrophages. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the biological validity of some variants has not been determined.[5]

Apolipoprotein C-I has a length of 57 amino acids normally found in plasma and responsible for the activation of esterified lecithin cholesterol with an important role in the exchange of esterified cholesterol between lipoproteins and in removal of cholesterol from tissues. Its main function is inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), probably by altering the electric charge of HDL molecules.

During fasting (like other apolipoprotein C), it is found primarily within HDL, while after a meal it is found on the surface of other lipoproteins. When proteins rich in triglycerides like chylomicrons and VLDL are broken down, this apoprotein is transferred again to HDL. It is one of the most positively charged proteins in the human body.

Pseudogene

A pseudogene of this gene is located 4 kb downstream from the apoC-I gene in the same orientation on chromosome 19, where both reside within an apolipoprotein gene cluster. This pseudogene, which was also reported to have been present in Denisovans and Neandertals, originated from two separate events. Following the divergence of New World monkeys from the human lineage, the apoC-I gene was duplicated. Old World monkeys and great apes other than humans have been shown to have two active genes. One of the duplicates encodes a basic protein designated apoC-IB that is orthologous to human apolipoprotein C-I. The other encodes an acidic protein, apoC-IA, that is orthologous to the virtual protein encoded by the pseudogene. The pseudogenization event occurred sometime between the divergence of bonobos and chimpanzees from the human lineage and the arrival of Denisovans and Neandertals. The pseudogene is due to a change in a single nucleotide in the codon for the penultimate amino acid, i.e. glutamine, in the signal sequence, resulting in a stop codon.[6][7][8]

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]

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Statin Pathway edit
  1. The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "Statin_Pathway_WP430".

References

  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130208 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. Tata F, Henry I, Markham AF, Wallis SC, Weil D, Grzeschik KH, et al. (1985). "Isolation and characterisation of a cDNA clone for human apolipoprotein CI and assignment of the gene to chromosome 19". Human Genetics. 69 (4): 345–9. doi:10.1007/BF00291654. PMID 2985493. S2CID 32767041.
  4. Smit M, van der Kooij-Meijs E, Frants RR, Havekes L, Klasen EC (January 1988). "Apolipoprotein gene cluster on chromosome 19. Definite localization of the APOC2 gene and the polymorphic Hpa I site associated with type III hyperlipoproteinemia". Human Genetics. 78 (1): 90–3. doi:10.1007/BF00291243. PMID 2892779. S2CID 22711986.
  5. "Entrez Gene: APOC1 apolipoprotein C-I".
  6. Puppione DL, Ryan CM, Bassilian S, Souda P, Xiao X, Ryder OA, Whitelegge JP (March 2010). "Detection of two distinct forms of apoC-I in great apes". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part D, Genomics & Proteomics. 5 (1): 73–9. doi:10.1016/j.cbd.2009.12.003. PMC 2830554. PMID 20209111.
  7. Puppione D, Whitelegge JP (October 2013). "Proteogenomic Review of the Changes in Primate apoC-I during Evolution". Frontiers in Biology. 8 (5): 533–548. doi:10.1007/s11515-013-1278-7. PMC 5528196. PMID 28757862.
  8. Puppione DL (September 2014). "Higher primates, but not New World monkeys, have a duplicate set of enhancers flanking their apoC-I genes". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part D, Genomics & Proteomics. 11: 45–8. doi:10.1016/j.cbd.2014.08.001. PMID 25160599.

Further reading

  • Human APOC1 genome location and APOC1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
  • PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Apolipoprotein C-I
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