Abou Ben Adhem (poem)

"Abou Ben Adhem"[1] is a poem written in 1834[2] by the English critic, essayist and poet Leigh Hunt. It concerns a pious Middle Eastern sheikh who finds the 'love of God' to have blessed him. The poem has been praised for its non-stereotypical depiction of an Arab. Hunt claims through this poem that true worship manifests itself through the acts of love and service that one shows one's fellowmen and women. The character of 'Abou Ben Adhem' is said to have been based on the ascetic Sufi mystic Ibrahim bin Adham. The poem, due to its Middle Eastern setting and spiritualistic undertones, can be considered an example of Romantic Orientalism.[3][4] The first known appearance of this poem is in an album kept by the writer Anna Maria Hall, whose husband, Samuel Carter Hall published it in 1834, in his gift book The Amulet.[5]

Abou Ben Adhem
by Leigh Hunt
First published inThe Amulet
CountryEngland
Genre(s)Romantic Orientalism
MeterIambic pentameter (most of it)
Rhyme schemeAABB CCDD
Publication date1834
Lines18

Analysis

Abou Ben Adhem (may his tribe increase!)

Awoke one night from a deep dream of peace,

And saw, within the moonlight in his room,

Making it rich, and like a lily in bloom,

An angel writing in a book of gold:—

Exceeding peace had made Ben Adhem bold,

And to the presence in the room he said,

"What writest thou?"—The vision raised its head,

And with a look made of all sweet accord,

Answered, "The names of those who love the Lord."

"And is mine one?" said Abou. "Nay, not so,"

Replied the angel. Abou spoke more low,

But cheerly still; and said, "I pray thee, then,

Write me as one that loves his fellow men."

The angel wrote, and vanished. The next night

It came again with a great wakening light,

And showed the names whom love of God had blest,

And lo! Ben Adhem's name led all the rest.

The poem shows a surprisingly liberal attitude for its time, and espouses the belief that true worship is in the service of others. The angel is said to be a representation of God's omnipresence, which observes anything and anyone.

Apart from the end rhyme scheme, Hunt uses alliteration to enrich the cadence of the poem. Some examples are:

Abou Ben Adhem  (Line 1)

Deep dream of peace (Line 2)

Nay, not so  (Line 11)

I pray thee then (Line 13)

The poem is written in a narrative style, and it is structured into four stanzas of 5, 5, 4 and 4 lines. Here, the stanzas are ‘closed’ and so are the couplets (the pairs of rhyming lines), — i.e., they end with punctuation. While the poem is metrically flexible, it essentially displays an iambic pentameter style.[6]

The poem draws from Arabian lore, where in the Islamic month of Nous Sha'ban, God takes the golden book of mankind and chooses those dear to Him who He will call in the coming year. Thus indirectly, this is also a poem about a ‘blessed death’. Leigh Hunt's source for this was Barthélemy d'Herbelot, Bibliothèque orientale, first published in 1697. However, while d'Herbelot has Abou-Ishak-Ben-Adhem ask God to write him down as one who loves the Lord ('écrivez-moi, je vous prie, pour l'amour d'eux, en qualité d'ami de ceux qui aiment Dieu'), the poem has him say "Write me as one, that loves his fellow men".[6][5]

Russell Jones, in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, writes that the identification of Abou Ben Adham with Ibrahim ibn Adham was through two notes by H. Beveridge and V.A. Smith in the same journal in 1909 and 1910.[3]

The verse “Write me as one who loves his fellow men” came to be used in Hunt's epitaph,[5] unveiled by Lord Haughton in 1869 at Kensal Green in North Kensington. The musical Flahooley features a genie named Abou Ben Atom, based on either Ibrahim or Abou played in the original 1951 Broadway production by Irwin Corey.[7] It was used in the British satirical television programme Not the Nine O'Clock News, being simultaneously translated into mock Welsh by Rowan Atkinson.

The poem is mentioned as a subject for public recital by a child character in Arnold Bennett’s novel “Hilda Lessways”

In school curricula

"Abou Ben Adhem" is one of the prescribed poems in the 10th grade English Literature syllabus for the nationwide CISCE board exam in India.[8]

References
  1. "Abou Ben Adhem by Leigh Hunt". Poetry Foundation. 2021-10-14. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  2. "Poetry By Heart | Abou Ben Adhem". Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  3. Jones, Russell (1997). "Leigh Hunt's Oriental Motifs: Abou Ben Adhem". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (3): 389–397. ISSN 1356-1863.
  4. "LitCharts". LitCharts. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  5. "Bonhams : HUNT (LEIGH) Autograph manuscript of his poem 'Abou Ben Adhem', 1855". www.bonhams.com. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  6. "Abou Ben Adhem Summary | Englicist". englicist.com. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  7. "T. Rees Shapiro, "Irwin Corey, 102: Comedian Billed Himself as 'World's Foremost Authority'". Washington Post. February 8, 2017.
  8. "Appendix I: List of Prescribed Textbooks". Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Examination, Year 2021. Retrieved 10-5-2022.
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