African diaspora in the Americas

The African diaspora in the Americas refers to the people born in the Americas with partial, predominant, or complete sub-Saharan African ancestry. Many are descendants of persons enslaved in Africa and transferred to the Americas by Europeans, then forced to work mostly in European-owned mines and plantations, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries.

For the United States population of Sub-Saharan Africa origins, see African Americans. For the Latin American population of African origins, see Afro-Latin Americans. For the Canadian population of African and Caribbean origins, see Black Canadians. For the population of African origins in the Caribbean, see Afro-Caribbean.
African diaspora in the Americas
Total population
92,860,073
Regions with significant populations
 United States46,936,733[1]
 Brazil14,517,961[2]
 Haiti8,583,759[3]
 Colombia4,671,160[4][5][6][7][8]
 Peru3,346,500 (9.7% of the country's population, not including Afro Venezuelan immigrants)[9]
 Venezuela2,641,481[10][11]
 Mexico1,386,556[12]
 Canada1,300,540[13]
 Ecuador1,200,000[14]
 Cuba1,034,044[15]
 Dominican Republic1,029,535[16]
 Puerto Rico1,000,000[17]
 Jamaica2,700,000[18]
 Panamá623,053[19][20]
 Trinidad and Tobago452,536[21]
 Barbados256,706[22]
 Guyana225,860[23]
 Suriname200,406[24][25][26]
 Argentina149,493[27]
 Grenada101,309[28]
Languages
English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Haitian Creole, Papiamento, Dutch
Religion
Christianity, Rastafari, Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam, others
Related ethnic groups
African diaspora, Maroons

History
Main article: Atlantic slave trade

After the United States achieved independence, next came the independence of Haiti, a country populated almost entirely by people of African descent and the second American colony to win its independence from European colonial powers. After the process of independence, many countries have encouraged European immigration to America, thus reducing the proportion of black and mulatto population throughout the country: Brazil, the United States, and the Dominican Republic. Miscegenation and more flexible concepts of race have also reduced the overall population identifying as black in Latin America, whereas the one-drop rule in the United States has had the opposite effect.[29]

From 21 to 25 November 1995, the Continental Congress of Black Peoples of the Americas was held. Black people still face discrimination in most parts of the continent. According to David D.E. Ferrari, vice president of the World Bank for the Region of Latin America and the Caribbean, black people have lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, more frequent and more widespread diseases, higher rates of illiteracy and lower income than Americans of different ethnic origin. Women, also the subjects of gender discrimination, suffer worse living conditions.

Today

In Brazil, with 6.9% of phenotypically Black population and 43.8% of pardo (mestizo), poverty is common. It is nevertheless important to note that the´Pardo category includes all mulattoes, zambos and the result of their intermixing with other groups, but it is majority of European descent, with most White Brazilians having at least one recent African and/or Native American ancestor and Pardos also being caboclos, descendants of Whites and Amerindians, or mestizos. There are more definitions of the differences and social disparity between blacks and "non-white or pardo" than whites in Brazil in the Black people article section.

According to various studies, the main genetic contribution to Brazilians is European (always above 65%, and an American study found it as high as 77%), and Pardos possess a higher degree of African descent when compared to the general White Brazilian and African-Brazilian populations and exhibit a greater Amerindian contribution in areas such as the Amazon Basin and a stronger African contribution in the areas of historical slavery such as Southeastern Brazil and coastal Northeastern cities, nevertheless both are present in all regions, and that physical features did much correlate with detectable ancestry in many instances.[30][31][32][33][34][35]

On 4 November 2008, the first black U.S. president, Barack Obama, won 52% of the vote. His father was an African man from Kenya and his mother a white woman from Kansas.[36]

Table
African diaspora in the Americas by percentage of population
Country Percentage of population
 Haiti 95%
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 93%
 Jamaica 92%
 The Bahamas 90.6%
 Barbados 90%
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos 90%
 Antigua and Barbuda 90%
 Dominica 87%
 Saint Lucia 85%
 Grenada 82%
 Martinique 80%
 Guadeloupe 77%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Vincent and the Grenadines 66%
 French Guiana 66%
 Bermuda 55%
 Brazil 7%
 Suriname 37%
 Guyana 36%
 Cuba 35%
 Trinidad and Tobago 34.2%[37]
 Belize 31%
 Puerto Rico 16%
 Panama 14%
 United States 13.6%[1]
 Colombia 9.34%[38]
 Dominican Republic 10%[39]
 Ecuador 10%
 Nicaragua 9%
 Costa Rica 8%[40]
 Uruguay 4%[41]
 Canada 3.5%[13]
 Peru 9%[42]
 Venezuela 2.9%[43]
 Chile 2%
 Mexico 1.2%

Notable people of African descent in the Americas
  • Ethnic domination and racist discourse in Spain and Latin America. Dijk, Teun A. van. van. Gedisa Editorial SA ISBN 84-7432-997-3
  • Gender, class and race in Latin America: some contributions. Luna, Lola G. Ed PPU, SA ISBN 84-7665-959-8
  • Gender, race and class "color" desensientes Latinas. Impoexports, Colombia, Yumbo
  • Afro Atlantic Histories resource, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC.

See also

References
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  5. Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
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  7. Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.
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  11. Censo poblacional de Venezuela 2011
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  14. http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/cpv/
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  22. "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 22 September 2021.
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