Allophycocyanin

Allophycocyanin ("other algal blue protein"; from Greek: ἄλλος (allos) meaning "other", φύκος (phykos) meaning “alga”, and κυανός (kyanos) meaning "blue") is a protein from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, along with phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and phycoerythrocyanin. It is an accessory pigment to chlorophyll. All phycobiliproteins are water-soluble and therefore cannot exist within the membrane like carotenoids, but aggregate, forming clusters that adhere to the membrane called phycobilisomes. Allophycocyanin absorbs and emits red light (650 & 660 nm max, respectively), and is readily found in Cyanobacteria (also called blue-green algae), and red algae. Phycobilin pigments have fluorescent properties that are used in immunoassay kits. In flow cytometry, it is often abbreviated APC. To be effectively used in applications such as FACS, High-Throughput Screening (HTS) and microscopy, APC needs to be chemically cross-linked.

Allophycocyanin dodekamer, Gloeobacter violaceus (PDB: 2vjt​).

Structural characteristics

Allophycocyanin can be isolated from various species of red or blue-green algae, each producing slightly different forms of the molecule. It is composed of two different subunits (α and β) in which each subunit has one phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore. The subunit structure for APC has been determined as (αβ)3. The molecular weight of APC is 105,000 Daltons.

Spectral characteristics
Absorption maximum652 nm
Additional Absorption peak625 nm
Emission maximum657.5 nm
Stokes Shift5.5 nm
Extinction Coefficient700,000 M−1cm−1
Quantum Yield0.68
Brightness1.6 x 105 M−1cm−1

Cross-linked APC

As mentioned above, in order for APC to be useful in immunoassays it must first be chemically cross-linked to prevent it from dissociating into its component subunits when in common physiological buffers.[1] The conventional method for accomplishing this is through a destructive process wherein the treated APC trimer is chemically disrupted in 8M urea and then allowed to re-associate through in a physiological buffer.[2] An alternative method can be used which preserves the structural integrity of the APC trimer and allows for a brighter, more stable end-product.[3]

Applications

Many applications and instruments were developed specifically for Allophycocyanin. It is commonly used in immunoassays such as FACS, flow cytometry, and High Throughput Screening as an acceptor for Europium via Time Resolved-Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) assays.

References
  1. Papageorgiou GC, Lagoyanni T (September 1983). "Effects of chaotropic electrolytes on the structure and electronic excitation coupling of glutaraldehyde-and diimido ester-cross-linked phycobilisomes". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 724 (3): 323–32. doi:10.1016/0005-2728(83)90091-9.
  2. Yeh SW, Ong LJ, Clark JH, Glazer AN (January 1987). "Fluorescence properties of allophycocyanin and a crosslinked allophycocyanin trimer". Cytometry. 8 (1): 91–5. doi:10.1002/cyto.990080113. PMID 3100257.
  3. US patent 7256050, Morseman, John Peter; Moss, Mark Wesley & Allnutt, F C Thomas, "High fluorescent intensity cross-linked allophycocyanin", published 2007-08-14, assigned to Columbia Biosciences Corp.
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