Habibullah Khan

Habibullah Khan (Pashto/Dari: حبيب الله خان ; 3 June 1872 – 20 February 1919) was the Emir of Afghanistan from 1901 until his death in 1919. He was the eldest son of the Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, whom he succeeded by right of primogeniture in October 1901. His grandfather was Mohammad Afzal Khan.[1][2]

This article is about the Amir of Afghanistan. For the pre-1947 Indian freedom fighter and post-1947 Pakistani political leader, see Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi.

Habibullah Khan I
Emir of Afghanistan
Emir of Afghanistan
Reign1 October 1901 – 20 February 1919
PredecessorAbdur Rahman Khan
SuccessorNasrullah Khan
Born3 June 1872
Samarkand, Emirate of Bukhara[1][2]
Died20 February 1919(1919-02-20) (aged 46)
Kalagosh, Laghman Province, Afghanistan
DynastyBarakzai dynasty
FatherAbdur Rahman Khan
MotherAsal Begum
ReligionSunni Islam
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Early life

Habibullah was the eldest son of Emir Abdur Rahman, and was born in Samarkand, Uzbekistan in 1871. He had a younger brother, born on December 7, 1874, Nasrullah Khan.

Reign
King Habibullah Khan with Afghan soldiers

Habibullah was a relatively reform-minded ruler who attempted to modernize his country. During his reign he worked to bring modern medicine and other technology to Afghanistan. Many people who were forced into exile by his father were returned to Afghanistan by a general amnesty decreed by Habibullah.[3] In 1903, Habibullah founded the Habibia school as well as a military academy. He also worked to put in place progressive reforms in his country. He instituted various legal reforms and repealed many of the harshest criminal penalties. One of his chief advisers, Abdul Lateef was sentenced to death in 1903 for apostasy, being stoned to death in Kabul. Other reforms included the dismantling of the internal intelligence organization that had been put in place by his father. Qala-e-Seraj in Mihtarlam was built by the Amir c. 1912–13 to spend his winters.[4][5]

Khost rebellion
Main article: Khost rebellion (1912)

In May 1912, Habibullah faced the only crisis in his career when a rebellion erupted in Khost led by Jehandad Khan, a rival claimant to the Afghan throne, known as the Khost rebellion.[6] This rebellion ended in August that same year, when the rebels were given concessions by the Afghan government.[7]

World War I

Habibullah maintained the country's neutrality in World War I, despite strenuous efforts by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a German military mission (Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition) to enlist Afghanistan on its side. He also greatly reduced tensions with British India, signing a treaty of friendship in 1905 and paying an official state visit in 1907. While in India, he was initiated into Freemasonry, at Lodge Concordia, No. 3102.[8][9]

Death

Habibullah was assassinated by a military officer whilst hunting at Kalagosh, Laghman Province on 20 February 1919.[10][11] Habibullah's brother Nasrullah Khan briefly succeeded him as Emir and held power for a week between 21 and 28 February 1919 before being ousted and imprisoned by Amanullah Khan, Habibullah's third son.[12] This occurred a few months before the Third Anglo-Afghan War.

Honours

References
  1. Vogelsang, The Afghans (2001, p. 270)
  2. "HH Sir Amir Habibullah Khan". Ancestry. 5 August 2003. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  3. Peroz, Nazir (2009). Framework for a Functional IT Supply in Higher Education in Afghanistan. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643102256.
  4. "Qalat us-Seraj Palace, Mehtarlam, Laghman. | ACKU Images System". ackuimages.photoshelter.com.
  5. "Seraj Castle Restoration Completed". TOLOnews.
  6. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information; the Three New Supplementary Volumes Constituting with the Volumes of the Latest Standard Edition, the Thirteenth Edition. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Company, Limited. 1926. p. 46.
  7. The Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica
  8. "Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason".
  9. McMahon, Henry A (1939). An Account of the Entry of H. M. Habibullah Khan Amir of Afghanistan into Freemasonry. London, UK: Favil Press, Ltd.
  10. Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101
  11. "6. Afghanistan (1919-present)".
  12. Afghanistan 1919–1928: Sources in the India Office Records

Bibliography
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