Principality of Qandahar

The Principality of Qandahar[1] was a state that existed in Kandahar from 1818 to 1855. It was ruled by the Dil brothers, members of the Barakzai dynasty, in a confederation.[2] In 1855 the principality was conquered by Dost Mohammad Khan.[3][2][4]

History

In 1818, the Dil brothers seized Qandahar and its surroundings and declared independence. Sher Dil Khan was in charge of the military in the principality.[2] The rule of the four brothers was very unpopular. Sher Dil Khan was supposed to be in charge of Qandahar's walls but after his death the brothers fought each other and allowed the city's walls to fall into decay.[5]

In 1842 Kohan Dil Khan, Mehr Dil Khan, and Rahim Dil Khan left their exile in Kerman and set out towards Qandahar. They occupied Qandahar and re-established the principality.[6] In the aftermath of the First Anglo-Afghan War, Kohan Dil Khan aimed to expand his influence into Sistan, which had fractured into a number of tribal fiefdoms. As part of this move, Kohan Dil Khan expanded his sphere of influence up to the district of Rudbar, controlled by the Sanjarani Baluch.[7] Herat under Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai also claimed Sistan as part of his domain, and this would cause clashes between both powers.

in 1855, Kohan Dil Khan died, sparking a succession crisis between Rahim Dil Khan, and the sons of Kohan Dil. Dost Mohammad Khan capitalized off of this period of anarchy and conquered the Principality in 1855.[8]

Territory and subdivisions

Initially, in the 1820s and 1830s, the territories under the control of the Principality consisted of Zamindawar, Deh Rawood, Garmsir, Shorawak, Pishin, and Sibi.[2] The Hazaras of Uruzgan paid tribute to the principality. Sindh and Balochistan were also dependent on the principality, but was able to break away in August 1826.[2] The territory of the principality seems to have been split among the various brothers. At the time of Charles Masson's visit to Qandahar during the reign of Pur Dil Khan, the division of the principality seems to have been as follows:

Pur Dil Khan (in possession of the district of Qandahar and its surroundings)
Kohan Dil Khan (controlled the frontier with Herat and the lands of Garmsir, Zamindawar, Deh Rawood, Uruzgan, and the Alizais, Nurzais, and Hazaras living there)
Mehr Dil Khan (controlled the frontier bordering on the domains of the Tokhi and Hotak tribes)
Rahim Dil Khan (controlled the districts of Sibi, Pishin, and Shorawak)

Rulers

Sher Dil Khan (1818 – July 1826)[2]
Pur Dil Khan (July 1826 – 1830)
Kohan Dil Khan (1830 – 25 April 1839)
Shuja ul-Mulk (1839 – 5 April 1842)
Kohan Dil Khan (5 April 1842 – August 1855)
Civil War (August – November 1855)

References

Samāddāra, Raṇabīra (2002). Space, Territory, and the State: New Readings in International Politics. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2209-1.
Noelle, Christine (2012-06-25). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-60317-4.
Lee, Jonathan L. (2019-01-15). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-010-1.
Kuhzad, Ahmad Ali (c. 1950s). Men and events : through 18th and 19th century : Afghanistan. Robarts - University of Toronto. Kabul : [s.n.]
Trousdale, William B. (2021-03-08). Kandahar in the Nineteenth Century. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-44522-2.
Yusuf, Mohamed (1988). A History of Afghanistan, from 1793 A.D. to 1865 A.D. ISBN 1466222417.
Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.
Lee 2019, p. 317.

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[1] Samāddāra, Raṇabīra (2002). Space, Territory, and the State: New Readings in International Politics. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2209-1.

[:0-2] Noelle, Christine (2012-06-25). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-60317-4.

[3] Lee, Jonathan L. (2019-01-15). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-010-1.

[4] Kuhzad, Ahmad Ali (c. 1950s). Men and events : through 18th and 19th century : Afghanistan. Robarts - University of Toronto. Kabul : [s.n.]

[5] Trousdale, William B. (2021-03-08). Kandahar in the Nineteenth Century. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-44522-2.

[:25-6] Yusuf, Mohamed (1988). A History of Afghanistan, from 1793 A.D. to 1865 A.D. ISBN 1466222417.

[:02-7] Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.

[FOOTNOTELee2019317-8] Lee 2019, p. 317.