Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system

Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system is a traction power network for the southern portion of the Northeast Corridor (NEC), the Keystone Corridor, and several branch lines between New York City and Washington D.C. The system was constructed by the Pennsylvania Railroad between 1915 and 1938 before the North American power transmission grid was fully established. This is the reason the system uses 25 Hz, as opposed to 60 Hz, which is the standard for power transmission in North America. In 1976, Amtrak inherited the system from Penn Central, the successor to the Pennsylvania Railroad, along with the rest of the NEC infrastructure.

Amtrak Acela trainset operating under the 25 Hz traction power system near Claymont, Delaware

Only about half of the system's electrical capacity is used by Amtrak; the remainder is sold to the regional railroads that operate their trains along the corridor, including NJ Transit, SEPTA and MARC.

The system powers 226.6 miles (364.7 km) of the NEC between Washington, D.C., and New York City,[1] the entire 104-mile (167 km) Keystone Corridor, a portion of NJ Transit's North Jersey Coast Line (between the NEC and Matawan), along with the entirety of SEPTA's Airport, Cynwyd, and Media/Wawa lines.

History

25Hz Power Supplies
on the ex-PRR System
Bowery Bay
Sunnyside
Long Island City
Waterside No. 1
Kearny
NJT M&E 25 kV 60 Hz
Waterfront
NJT M&E 25 kV 60 Hz
Matawan
NJT NJCL 25 kV 60 Hz
Metuchen
Richmond
Richmond
Somerset
Girard Avenue
Lamokin
Parkesburg Sub
Safe Harbor Dam
Perryville Sub
Jericho Park
Benning Generating Station
Legend
Phase break
Station
Static converter
Rotary converter
Rotary converter
(out of use)
Generating station
(out of use)
Dam
Old substation built for the 1915 electrification project at Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Outdoor yard is an addition.

The Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) began experimenting with electric traction in 1910, coincident with their completion of the trans-Hudson tunnels and New York Penn Station. These initial systems were low-voltage direct current (DC) third rail systems. While they performed adequately for tunnel service, the PRR ultimately found it inadequate for long-distance, high-speed electrification.

Other railroads had, by this time, experimented with low frequency (less than 60 Hz) alternating current (AC) systems. These low-frequency systems had the AC advantage of higher transmission voltages, reducing resistive losses over long distances, as well as the typically DC advantage of easy motor control as universal motors could be employed with transformer tap changer control gear. Pantograph contact with trolley wire is also more tolerant of high speeds and variations in track geometry. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad had already electrified a portion of its Main Line in 1908 at 11 kV 25 Hz AC and this served as a template for the PRR, which installed its own trial main line electrification between Philadelphia and Paoli, Pennsylvania in 1915. Power was transmitted along the tops of the catenary supports using four single phase, 2 wire 44 kV distribution circuits. Tests on the line using experimental electric locomotives such as the PRR FF1 revealed that the 44 kV distribution lines would be insufficient for heavier loads over longer distances.

In the 1920s, the PRR decided to electrify major portions of its eastern rail network, and because a commercial electric grid did not exist at the time, the railroad constructed its own distribution system to transmit power from generating sites to trains, possibly hundreds of miles distant. To accomplish this the PRR implemented a pioneering system of single-phase high voltage transmission lines at 132 kV, stepped down to the 11 kV at regularly spaced substations along the tracks.

The first line to be electrified using this new system was between Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware in the late 1920s. By 1930, catenary extended from Philadelphia to Trenton, New Jersey, by 1933 to New York City, and by 1935 south to Washington, D.C. Finally, in 1939, the main line from Paoli west to Harrisburg was completed along with several freight-only lines. Also included were the Trenton Cutoff and the Port Road Branch. Superimposed on these electrified lines was an independent power grid delivering 25 Hz current from the point of generation to electric locomotives anywhere on nearly 500 route miles (800 km) of track, all under the control of electric power dispatchers in Harrisburg, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York City.

Northeast railroads atrophied in the years following World War II; the PRR was no exception. The infrastructure of the northeast corridor remained essentially unchanged through the series of mergers and bankruptcies which ended in Amtrak's creation and acquisition of the former PRR lines which came to be known as the Northeast Corridor. The circa 1976 Northeast Corridor Improvement Project had originally planned to convert the PRR's system to the utility grid standard of 60 Hz. Ultimately, this plan was shelved as economically unfeasible and the electrical traction infrastructure was left largely unchanged with the exception of a general traction power voltage increase to 12 kV and a corresponding transmission voltage increase to 138 kV.

During the 1970s, several of the original converter or power stations which originally supplied power to the system were shut down. Also, the end of electrified through-freight service on the Main Line to Paoli allowed the original 1915 substations and their 44 kV distribution lines to be decommissioned with that 20-mile (32 km) section of track being fed from 1930s-era substations on either end. In the decade between 1992 and 2002, several static converter stations were commissioned to replace stations that had or were being shut down. Jericho Park, Richmond, and Sunnyside Yard converters were all installed during this period. This replaced much of the electrical frequency conversion equipment, but the lineside transmission and distribution equipment were unchanged.

In 2003, Amtrak commenced a capital improvement plan that involved planned replacement of much of the lineside network, including 138/12 kV transformers, circuit breakers, and catenary wire. Statistically, this capital improvement has resulted in significantly fewer delays, although dramatic system shutdowns have still occurred.

Specifications and statistics

West Philadelphia substation 1915

The 25 Hz system was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad with a nominal voltage of 11.0 kV. The nominal operating voltages were raised in 1948 and are now:[2]

  • Catenary (Traction) Voltage : 12.0 kV
  • Transmission Voltage: 138 kV
  • Signal Power:
    • 2.2 kV 91⅔ Hz – NY Penn Area. 60 Hz used 1910–1931. 100 Hz installed but quickly changed to avoid interference caused by simultaneous AC and DC electrification.
    • 3.3 kV 100 Hz – Paoli/Chestnut Hill. 60 Hz used 1915/18–1930.
    • 6.9 kV 91⅔ Hz – all electrification work from 1930 onward.

As of 1997, the system included:

  • 951 miles (1,530 km) of 138 kV transmission line,
  • 55 substations,
  • 147 transformers, and
  • 1104 miles of 12 kV catenary.

Over 550 GWh of energy are consumed annually by locomotives on the system.[3] If this were consumed at a constant rate over the entire year (although it is not in practice), the average system load would be approximately 63 MW.

The system power factor varies between 0.75 and around 0.85.

Power sources

Electrical power originates at seven generation or conversion facilities. The nameplate capacity of all the power sources in the system is about 354 MW. The instantaneous peak loading on the system is 210–220 MW (as of c. 2009) during the morning rush hour, and up to 225 MW during afternoon.[4] Peak load has risen significantly in the last decade – in 1997 the peak load was 148 MW.[3] As a point of comparison, an HHP-8 electric locomotive is rated for a 6 MW (equivalent to 8,000 hp) mechanical output, after conversion and head end power losses.

Regardless of the source, all converter and generator plants supply power to the transmission system at 138 kV, 25 Hz, single phase, using two wires. Typically at least two separate 138 kV circuits follow each right of way to supply the lineside substations.

Currently, the following converter and generating plants are operable, although all are rarely in operation simultaneously due to maintenance shutdowns and overhaul:

LocationCapacity (MW)In-serviceComments
Sunnyside Yard (Long Island)30c.1996Static inverter
Metuchen251933Motor–generator
Metuchen602017Static inverter
Richmond1802002Static inverter
Lamokin481928(3) Motor–generators
Safe Harbor811938(2) Water turbines; (1) Motor–generator
Jericho Park201992Static cycloconverter
System total capacity354

Several types of equipment are currently in operation: static inverters, motor-generators (sometimes called rotary frequency converters), water turbines (hydroelectric generators) and a static cycloconverter.

Hydroelectric generators

The Safe Harbor Dam generates 25 Hz railroad power via two turbines in the east end of the turbine hall and an M-G set outside against the Dam face.

The 25 Hz machines at the dam are scheduled by Amtrak but owned and operated by Safe Harbor Water Power Company. Like other hydroelectric plants, it also has excellent black start capability. This was most recently demonstrated during the 2006 blackout. After a cascade shutdown of converters had left the network de-energized, it was recovered using Safe Harbor's generators, and the other converters subsequently brought back online.

During the twelve-month period ending August 2009, Safe Harbor supplied about 133 GWh of energy to the Amtrak substation at Perryville.[5] Typically, two thirds of the Safe Harbor output is routed through Perryville, the remainder being sent through Harrisburg or Parkesburg. This suggests that Safe Harbor supplies around 200 GWh of energy annually into the 25 Hz network.

Motor-generators (rotary frequency converters)

Motor-generators and steam turbine generators were the original power sources on the PRR traction power network. The last steam turbine shut down in 1954, but some of the original motor generators remain. Although the converting machines are frequently called 'rotary converters' or 'rotary frequency converters', they are not the rotary converter used frequently by subways to convert low-frequency alternating current to DC power. The converters used are more precisely described as motor generators and consist of two synchronous AC machines on a common shaft with different ratios of poles; they are not electrically connected as in a true rotary converter.

Principal advantages of motor generators include very high fault current ratings and clean output current. Solid state electronics can be damaged very quickly, so the microprocessor control systems react very quickly to over-correct conditions to place the converter in a safe, idle mode; or to trip the output circuit breaker. Motor generators, being of 1930s design, are heavily overbuilt. These rugged machines can absorb large load transients and demanding fault conditions, while continuing to remain online. Their output waveform is also perfectly sinusoidal without noise or higher harmonic output. They can actually absorb harmonic noise produced by solid-state devices, effectively serving as a filter. These attributes, combined with their high fault-current capability, make them desirable in a stabilizing role within the power system. Amtrak has retained two of the original converter plants and plans to overhaul them and continue their operation indefinitely.

Disadvantages of motor generators include lower efficiency, generally between 83% (lightly loaded machine) and 92% (fully loaded machine). In comparison, cycloconverter efficiency can exceed 95%. Also, motor generators require more routine maintenance due their nature as rotating machines, given the bearings and slip rings. Today, the outright replacement of motor generators would also be difficult due to the high manufacturing cost and limited demand for these large 25 Hz machines.

Static inverters and cycloconverter

The static converters in the system were commissioned during the decade between 1992 and around 2002. Static converters use high-power solid-state electronics, with few moving parts. Chief advantages of static converters over motor generators include lower capital cost, lower operating costs, and higher conversion efficiency. The Jericho Park converter exceeds its efficiency design criteria of 95%. Major disadvantages of solid state converters include harmonic frequency generation on both the 25 Hz and 60 Hz sides, and lower overload capability.

  • Sunnyside Yard (Long Island City), NY – Static Inverter rated at 30 MW ordered from ABB in 1993 for $27 million. This converter is operated by Amtrak and generally runs at low continuous loading to provide peaking and reactive power support to the New York area. 40.750499°N 73.921753°W / 40.750499; -73.921753 (Sunnyside Yard Static Converter)
  • Richmond (Philadelphia), PA – The Richmond Static Converter plant consists of five 36 MW modules and has a net capacity of 180 MW. It was ordered from Siemens in 1999 for $60 million and installation was completed around 2002. The plant receives 69 kV, three phase, 60 Hz power from the PECO Energy Company. Although the exact electrical architecture of the converter modules is unknown, they are presumably of the DC link variety (Rectifier, filtering capacity, and inverter placed back to back) based on other Siemens traction power converters. The 2006 traction network shutdown originated in one of the converter modules at this plant. Richmond output power is scheduled with PECO, although the units themselves are operated by Amtrak remotely from Philadelphia. Generally, the three PECO-supplied converters (Richmond, Metuchen, and Lamokin) are scheduled as a block with PECO. 39°59′1″N 75°4′41″W
  • Jericho Park, MD – 20 MW Static Converter. Jericho Park was constructed to replace the capacity lost when BG&E declined to renew the Benning rotary converter contract. BG&E proposed a static converter to replace Benning and Jericho Park came on service six years later. It consists of two 10 MW cycloconverter modules supplied by GE. 39°0′56″N 76°46′09″W
    Jericho Park was the first solid-state power supply introduced on the Amtrak network. It suffered from some filtering network problems caused by the highly distorted voltage present on the catenary and was ultimately downgraded from its original design capacity of 25 MW to 22 MVA.[7] Amtrak has requested funding to rehabilitate portions of the converter in an ARRA request.[6] During the twelve-month period that ended in August 2009, the Jericho Park converter used about 70 GWh of energy. Note that SEPTA's static converter plant at Wayne Junction is also based on this technology, although it was supplied by a different company; see SEPTA's 25 Hz Traction Power System. 39°0′56″N 76°46′9″W
  • Metuchen – In October 2014 Amtrak placed a contract with Siemens for two 30 MW converters to supplement the existing 25MW motor-generator from 1933.[8] The project was completed in 2017 and forms part of the New Jersey High Speed Rail Improvement Program (NJHSRIP).

Former converter and power stations

Waterside Power station in Manhattan, New York

The majority of power sources in the original Pennsylvania Railroad electrification were built prior to 1940. Some have been retired out-right, others have been replaced with co-located static frequency converters, and others remain in service and will be refurbished and operated indefinitely. The following tables lists sources which are no longer in service.

LocationType (Number)Capacity (MW)Dates in ServiceComments
Long Island CitySteam Turbines (5)18 / 321910–1954 [9]Three turbines originally, five from c. 1910. 32.5 MW total capacity.
WatersideSteam Turbines (3)24c. 1910–1978[10]
RichmondMotor-Generators (2)601932–1996Replaced with co-located 180 MW Static Frequency Converter
SchuylkillMotor Generator181914–1971
SomersetMotor Generator18c. 1933–c. 1990sDemolished circa 2011. Power at 13 kV, single phase, 25 Hz, ran from four switches at NE corner of building NE along Trenton Ave and connecting rail line to Frankford Junction, where they ran along Delair Branch to Richmond Sub 31. Also supplied Reading Railroad system via Wayne Junction. Transmission lines have also been removed. 39°59′11″N 75°07′04″W
BenningFrequency Changer251934–1986Operating contract expired.
RadnorSynchronous CondensersN/A1917–c. 1930Power factor correction and voltage regulation
Long Island City Power Plant under construction in New York in 1905
The Pepco Benning Road power station in Washington, D.C., supplied 25 MVA of 25 Hz power via a rotary frequency changer in the hall nearest the Metro tracks from 1935 until 1986.
A picture of one of the 1916 Radnor Synchronous Condensers from Electrical World

Declining need for 25 Hz power

During the beginning of the 20th century, 25 Hz power was much more readily available from commercial electrical utilities. The vast majority of urban subway systems used 25 Hz power to supply their lineside rotary converters used to generate the DC voltage supplied to the trains. Since rotary converters work more efficiently with lower frequency supplies, 25 Hz was a common supply frequency for these machines. Rotary converters have been steadily replaced over the past 70 years with, at first, mercury arc rectifiers and more lately solid-state rectifiers. Thus, the need for special frequency power for urban traction has disappeared, along with the financial motivation for utilities to operate generators at these frequencies.

Long Island City Generating Station

Long Island City Power Station in Hunter's Point, NY was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1906 in preparation for the North River Tunnels and the opening of Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan. The station consisted of 64 coal-fired boilers and three steam turbine generators with a total capacity of 16 MW. In 1910, the station was expanded with two additional turbine generators for a total capacity of 32.5 MW. Power was transmitted to rotary converters (AC to DC machines) for use in the PRR's original third rail electrification scheme. Like most DC electric distribution systems of the time (Thomas Edison's being the most famous), 25 Hz power was used to drive rotary converters at substations along the line. Some sources state that the station was largely dormant by the 1920s.[9] When AC overhead electrification was extended in the 1930s, Long Island City connected to the 11 kV catenary distribution system.[11] Operation of the station was transferred to Consolidated Edison in 1938, although ConEd began supplying power from the adjacent Waterside Generating Station, most likely due to declining overall demand for 25 Hz power. The station was disused and sold in the mid-1950s. 40.7430°N 73.9581°W / 40.7430; -73.9581 (Long Island City Generating Station (Disused))

Waterside Generating Station

Originally constructed by Consolidated Edison to supply power to their DC distribution system in Manhattan, Waterside began supplying power to the PRR's AC system around 1938 when ConEd assumed operation of the Long Island City Station. The single-phase turbine generators were retired in the mid-1970s due to safety concerns. Two transformers were installed to supply catenary power from remaining (three-phase) portions of ConEd's still relatively extensive 25 Hz system. Power flow management problems prevented usage of this source under other than emergency conditions.[10] 40.7464°N 73.9707°W / 40.7464; -73.9707 (Waterside Generating Station (Demolished))

Benning Frequency Changer

In 1986, Baltimore Gas and Electric elected to not renew the contract under which it had operated the Benning Power Station frequency changer on behalf of Amtrak. They proposed a static frequency changer which was built at Jericho Park (Bowie, Maryland) and placed on service in the spring of 1992.[12] 38.897534°N 76.959298°W / 38.897534; -76.959298 (Benning Frequency Changer ( demolished))

Radnor synchronous condenser

Although reactive power has primarily been supplied along with real power by the steam turbines and motor generators of the system, the PRR briefly used two synchronous condensers. Shortly after commissioning the 1915 electrification, the railroad discovered that the 44 kV feeders and large inductive loads on the system were causing significant voltage sag. The supplying electric utility (Philadelphia Electric) also discovered that power factor correction was needed. In 1917, the PRR installed two 11 kV, 4.5 MVA synchronous converters at Radnor, the approximate center point of the system load.[13] This substation was located at the site of water tanks used to supply water to track pans which supplied water to conventional steam locomotives. At some later time, the converters were shut down and removed. Dedicated machines for reactive power support have not been used subsequently by either the PRR or Amtrak. 40.044725°N 75.359463°W / 40.044725; -75.359463 (Radnor)

Substations

Frazer substation on the Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line
Old substation remote control panel at Paoli interlocking tower
A one-line diagram of the 1930 era substation at Bowie, MD
The large substation at the Safe Harbor dam is one of the minority that steps-up 25 Hz power to 138 kV for long distance transmission.
One-line diagram of Zoo Sub 9, circa 1997, on the Load Dispatcher mimic board in Philadelphia
The Power Dispatcher's view of substation 43 (New York City Penn Station)

The PRR's original 1915 electrification made use of four substations, at Arsenal Bridge, West Philadelphia, Bryn Mawr, and Paoli.[14] The Arsenal Bridge substation stepped-up 13.2 kV, 25 Hz power supplied from PECO's Schuylkill power station on Christian Street to 44 kV for distribution. The remaining three substations reduced the 44 kV distribution voltage to 11 kV catenary voltage. The substations were operated from adjacent signal towers.[15] They used typical period concrete buildings to house the transformers and switchgear while the line terminals were on the roof. From 1918 onward, outdoor stations were used and when the main line electrification began in 1928 the stations became large open air structures using lattice steel frameworks to mount the 132 kV terminations and switchgear. By 1935 new stations were connected to remote supervision systems allowing power directors to open and close switches and breakers from central offices without having to go through the tower operators.

Today about 55 substations are part of Amtrak's network.[3] Substations are spaced on average 8 miles (13 km) apart and feed 12 kV catenary circuits in both directions along the line. Thus the catenary is segmented (via section breaks, also called 'sectionalizations' by the PRR) at each substation, and each substation feeds both sides of a catenary's section break. A train traveling between two substations draws power through both transformers.

A typical substation includes two to four 138/12 kV transformers, 138 kV air switches that permit isolation of individual transformers, shutdown one of the two 138 kV feeders, or cross-connection from one feeder to another. The output of the transformers is routed to the catenary via 12 kV circuit breakers and air disconnect switches. Cross-connect switches allow one transformer to feed all catenary lines.

The PRR substation architecture was based on a long distance, high speed railway. The substation spacing ensures that any train is never more than 4 or 5 miles from the nearest substation, which minimized voltage drop. One disadvantage to the substation design as originally built by the PRR concerns its lack of 138 kV circuit breakers. Essentially all segmentation of the 138 kV system must be manually accomplished, making rapid isolation of a fault on the 138 kV line difficult.

Faults in one part of the line also affect the entire distribution system since it is impossible for the 138 kV transmission system to protect or reconfigure itself during a fault condition. High voltage faults generally are cleared by opening converter output breakers, which causes a concurrent loss of the converter. The system does not degrade gracefully under high voltage faults. Rather than isolating, for example, the south 138 kV feeder between Washington and Perryville, the system would require opening converter output breakers at Jericho Park and Safe Harbor. This results in loss of much more of the network than is required to simply isolate the fault.

Former Pennsylvania Railroad Substations
Station Name Coordinates Sta. No. Year Built Comments
Early Philadelphia Lines
West Philadelphia (44 kV)39°57′24″N 75°11′08″W11915Removed c. 1930
Arsenal (44 kV)39°56′46″N 75°11′30″W2191544 kV portions abandoned c. 1930
Bryn Mawr40°01′17″N 75°18′51″W31915Switching Station only since c. 1960
Radnor SC40°02′37″N 75°22′07″W51916Two 4.5 MVA Synchronous Condensers. Removed c. 1960
Paoli40°02′36″N 75°29′22″W41915Station expanded 1938. 44 kV disconnected c. 1960
Greentree Switching40°02′27″N 75°30′04″W--1938Removed in 2012.
North Philadelphia39°59′49″N 75°09′27″W61918
Allen Lane40.062643°N 75.198652°W / 40.062643; -75.198652 (Allen Lane Substation 7)71918Switching Station only since c. 1960. Components replaced 2013
Arsenal (138 kV) Step-Up39°56′45″N 75°11′31″W2A1928Step-up capability removed c. 1971
Morton39.9073°N 75.3321°W / 39.9073; -75.3321 (Morton Substation 01)011928
Lenni39°53′38″N 75°26′33″W021928
Cheyney39.92915°N 75.5225°W / 39.92915; -75.5225 (Cheyney Substation 03 (Removed))031928Removed between 1965 and 1968[16]
West Chester39°57′26″N 75°35′37″W041928Removed between 1965 and 1968[16]
New York - Philadelphia Main Line
New Rochelle40.9069°N 73.7900°W / 40.9069; -73.7900 (New Rochelle Substation 47)471907/1987Originally 25 Hz; switched to 60 Hz coincident with Metro-North in 1987. No longer supplies Amtrak power.
Van Nest40.8420°N 73.8633°W / 40.8420; -73.8633 (Van Nest Substation 46)461907/1987Originally 25 Hz; switched to 60 Hz coincident with Metro North in 1987. Now the supply substation for Amtrak's 60 Hz system between Gate Interlocking and New Rochelle.
Bowery Bay40.7643°N 73.9054°W / 40.7643; -73.9054 (Bowery Bay Substation 45)451917/1987Originally 25 Hz; switched to 60 Hz coincident with Metro North in 1987. Switching only. Section break between 25 Hz and 60 Hz systems.
Sunnyside40.747341°N 73.931370°W / 40.747341; -73.931370 (Sunnyside Yard Substation 44)441931Switching only
Penn Station40.7518°N 73.9979°W / 40.7518; -73.9979 (Penn Station Substation 43 (31st St. Section))43A, 43B1931Switching only; two sections: 31st St., and 7th Ave.
Hackensack (Union City)40°46′18″N 74°2′38″W421931/32
Kearney40°44′41″N 74°07′06″W411931/32Temporarily knocked out October 29, 2012 by storm surge from Hurricane Sandy;[17] elevation above surge crest planned[18]
Waverly40°41′24″N 74°11′54″W401932/33
Rahway40°36′01″N 74°16′58″W391932/33
Metuchen40°32′21″N 74°21′49″W381932/33
Millstone40°28′45″N 74°27′56″W371932/33
Monmouth40°22′36″N 74°32′54″W361933
Princeton40.317459°N 74.62145°W / 40.317459; -74.62145 (Princeton Substation 35)351933
Hamilton40.2467292°N 74.7179233°W / 40.2467292; -74.7179233 (Hamilton Substation 34A)34A2014New substation was commissioned into service in early 2015.
Morrisville40°12′04″N 74°46′38″W341930
Edgely40°07′07″N 74°50′23″W331930
Cornwells (Cornwells Heights, PA)40°04′19″N 74°57′02″W321930
Richmond Step-Up39.986241°N 75.073939°W / 39.986241; -75.073939 (Richmond Frequency Changer 31)311933138kV step-up only, fed from adjacent PECO Richmond Power Station and rotary converter. Abandoned.
Frankford40°00′07″N 75°5′52″W301930Also supplied 44 kV to Allen Lane c. 1930 to c. 19??.
Zoo (138 kV)39°58′14″N 75°11′57″W91930Contains 138 kV circuit breakers.
Zoo (44 kV)39°58′13″N 75°12′00″W81930Removed c. 1960
West Philadelphia Switching39°57′27″N 75°11′06″W1A1930Supplied from Arsenal & Zoo
New Jersey Branches
Journal Square40.733284°N 74.064806°W / 40.733284; -74.064806 (Journal Square Substation 50 (Disused))501932/33Catenary disused c. 1980. Remained for a while to supply signal power for PATH and freight on Jersey City Branch. Abandoned.
South Amboy40°29′25″N 74°17′15″W481932/33
Helmetta (Outcalt)40.3848°N 74.4044°W / 40.3848; -74.4044 (Helmetta Substation 47 (Disused))471938Disused c. 1980, abandoned.
Greenville Switching40°41′12″N 74°05′46″W491935Supplied from Waverly. Removed c. 1980
Philadelphia - Washington Main Line[19]
Arsenal39°56′44″N 75°11′32″W2A1928138 kV step-down
Brill39°55′45″N 75°13′26″W10A1981Added for SEPTA Airport Line
Glenolden39.899444°N 75.281603°W / 39.899444; -75.281603 (Glenolden Substation 10)101928
Lamokin (Chester, PA)39.8429°N 75.3759°W / 39.8429; -75.3759 (Lamokin Substation 11)111928Adjacent to Rotary Converter
Bellevue39°46′03″N 75°29′02″W121928
West Yard (Wilmington, DE)39°43′43″N 75°34′13″W131928
Davis (Newark, DE)39°40′21″N 75°44′36″W141935
Bacon Hill (North East, MD)39.6035°N 75.8937°W / 39.6035; -75.8937 (Bacon Hill Substation 15)151935
Perryville, MD39°33′23″N 76°04′36″W161935Phase Break Indicator. 138 kV circuit breakers segment transmission lines North from West.
Perryman, MD39.462501°N 76.203256°W / 39.462501; -76.203256 (Perryman Substation 17)171935
Gunpow (Chase, MD)39.377844°N 76.355243°W / 39.377844; -76.355243 (Gunpow Substation 18)181935
North Point39°18′10″N 76°31′02″W191935
Baltimore39.30916°N 76.618955°W / 39.30916; -76.618955 (Baltimore Substation 20)201935
Loudon Park39.273084°N 76.67689°W / 39.273084; -76.67689 (Loudon Park Substation 21)211935
Severn39°08′20″N 76°41′49″W221935
Bowie39°00′21″N 76°46′52″W231935
Landover38°55′44″N 76°53′51″W241935
Ivy City38°55′6″N 76°58′57″W2nd 252010
Union Switching38.9021°N 77.0038°W / 38.9021; -77.0038 (Union Switching Station 25A)25A193512 kV switching station supplied from Capitol 1935, then Landover c. 1990, then Ivy City 2010.
Capitol38°52′50″N 77°0′30″WFormerly 251935Demolished; concrete footings still visible
Potomac Switching38°50′24″N 77°03′03″W261935Supplied from Capitol. Disused c. 1980 and demolished c. 2000, New Utility Sub built.
Trenton Cutoff Freight Route
Langhorne40°10′30″N 74°58′08″W611938Demolished; concrete footings still visible.
Horsham40°08′55″N 75°08′53″W621938Demolished; concrete footings still visible.
Earnest40°06′24″N 75°19′34″W631930Supplied PRR Schuylkill Branch and Trenton Cutoff. Removed.
Philadelphia - Harrisburg Main Line
Frazer, PA40°01′52″N 75°34′27″W641938
Thorndale, PA39°59′48″N 75°44′3″W651938Phase Break Indicators[20] Holds one of the three sets of 138 kV circuit breakers in the system.
Parkesburg, PA39°57′37″N 75°54′58″W661938
Kinzer39°59′55″N 76°4′8″W671938
Witmer (Smoketown, PA )40°2′35″N 76°12′51″W681938
Dillersville Switching40°3′25″N 76°19′16″W--1938Supplied Columbia Branch from Mainline catenary (12 kV). Disused c. 1980?
Landisville, PA40°5′23″N 76°23′0″W691938
Rheems, PA40.130704°N 76.566996°W / 40.130704; -76.566996 (Rheems Substation70)701938
Royalton, PA40°11′02″N 76°43′33″W711938
Harrisburg, PA40°15′17″N 76°52′25″W721938
Low-grade Freight Routes (now only used for transmission lines)
Bart39°55′03″N 76°04′40″W511938Removed
Providence39°55′42″N 76°13′51″W521938Removed
Conowingo39°40′7″N 76°10′15″W531938Demolished; concrete footings still visible. Separate from Conowingo generating station, never connected.
Fishing Creek39°47′23″N 76°15′46″W541938Removed. Separate from Holtwood generating station, never connected.
Safe Harbor (PRR) Conestoga Sub (SHWP)39°55′36″N 76°23′6″W551934Step-up station for Safe Harbor supply. Catenary facilities added 1938 then disused c. 1980.
Columbia40°01′58″N 76°30′31″W561938Removed - site partially paved over.
Rowenna (Marietta, PA)40°03′43″N 76°36′43″W571938Abandoned; concrete footings visible. Single transmission line between Safe Harbor Sub 55 and Royalton Sub 71 runs past site, but no longer terminates.
Goldsboro40.1217°N 76.7317°W / 40.1217; -76.7317 (Goldsboro Substation 58 (Demolished))581938Removed
Enola, PA40°16′40″N 76°55′13″W59, 731938Demolished; concrete footings still visible.

Transmission lines

The Load Dispatcher's Mimic Board at 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1996. The entire 138 kV transmission system is represented on this panel.
The four utility-owned 138 kV circuits from Safe Harbor (Pennsylvania) to Perryville (Maryland).
Catenary support with 6.9 kV, 100 Hz transformer for signal power
Catenary supports near Odenton, Maryland. Three-conductor 60 Hz utility lines enter from the left and are carried in either direction along the line. The remainder of the high voltages lines are 25 Hz.

All transmission lines within the 25 Hz system are two-wire, single-phase, 138 kV. The center tap of each 138 kV/12 kV transformer is connected to ground, thus the two transmission lines are tied to ±69 kV with respect to ground and 138 kV relative to each other.

Generally two separate two-wire circuits travel along the rail line between substations. One circuit is mounted at the top of the catenary poles on one side of the track; the second circuit runs along the other side.

The arrangement of catenary supports and transmission wires gives the overhead structure along former Pennsylvania Railroad lines its characteristic 80-foot (24 m)-tall 'H'-shaped structure. They are much taller than the overhead electrification structures on other electrified American railroads due to the 138 kV transmission lines. Catenary towers and transmission lines along former New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad lines and Amtrak's New England division are much shorter, and are recognizable due to different design and construction.

While a majority of the transmission infrastructure is located directly above the rail lines on the same structure that supports the catenary system, some lines are either located above lines that have been de-electrified or abandoned or in a few cases on completely independent rights of way.

The following is a list of all major segments of the 25 Hz 138 kV transmission infrastructure listing substations (SS or Sub) or high-tension switching stations (HT Sw'g) as termini. For clarity, positions of substations are not repeated in this table. A listing of the high-tension switching stations follows.

Terminus Terminus # 138 kV circuits Right of way Notes
Union City Sub 42Cornwell Heights Sub 324Main Line Philadelphia to New York
Kearney Sub 41Journal Square Sub 502Jersey City BranchOut of service, line used by PATH.
Rahway Sub 39South Amboy 482Perth Amboy & Woodbridge BranchUsed for NJTRO NJCL power
Monmouth Jct 36South Amboy 481Jamesburg BranchVia Helmetta Sub 47; Out of service, lines removed.
Morrisville Sub 34Earnest HT Sw'g1Trenton CutoffOut of service and almost completely removed. Some portions east of the Earnest Junction HT Switching Station and west of the Morrisville Substation (within the confines of the Morrisville yard) remain.
Cornwells Heights Sub 32Richmond Sub 312Industrial RoWSplits from Main Line south of Holmesburg and follows alignment along Delaware River.
Cornwells Heights Sub 32Richmond Sub 312Along Main Line to Frankford Junction, then Delair Branch
Frankford Sub 30Richmond Sub 312Delair Branch12kV catenary removed.[21]
Cornwell Heights Sub 32Frankford Sub 301Along Main Line RoW Phil to NY
Frankford Sub 30Ivy City Sub 252Main Line from north of Phil to Washington
Zoo Sub 9Earnest HT Sw'g2Schuylkill BranchTracks removed past Cynwyd Station.
Arsenal Sub 2ALenni Sub 021West Chester BranchPower for SEPTA Media/Wawa Line.
Lamokin Sub 11Lenni Sub 021 (2)Private RoWFeeds west end of SEPTA Media/Wawa Line. Utility-style transmission towers roughly paralleling former Chester Creek Branch. Built 1928 with two circuits, as indicated on PRR ET-1 of 1935; one circuit later removed, probably in 1960s.
Lenni Sub 02West Chester Sub 042Private RoWWestward continuation of Lamokin-Lenni 138 kV circuits via Cheyney Sub 03. Utility-style transmission towers on RoW directly parallel to West Chester Branch. De-energized and removed between 1965 and 1968.[16]
Earnest HT Sw'gFrazer Sub 642Runs along Trenton CutoffPowers Main Line via Frazer Sub
Paoli Sub 4Landisville Sub 692Main Line Philadelphia to HarrisburgFrazer SS to Paoli SS dead end line.
Parkesburg Sub 66Safe Harbor Sub 552Atglen and SusquehannaRails removed. Catenary poles removed and transmission lines replaced in 2010/2011. See section below.
Landisville Sub 69Royalton Sub 711Main Line Philadelphia to Harrisburg
Safe Harbor Sub 55Rowenna Sub 572Enola BranchAfter Rowenna Sub decommissioned, one circuit logically split to run direct to Royalton Sub.
Rowenna Sub 57Royalton Sub 711Royalton BranchLine now continuous from Safe Harbor to Royalton.
Rowenna Sub 57Lemo HT Sw'g1Enola BranchOut of service, then removed 2011.
Lemo HT Sw'gEnola Sub 592Enola BranchServed at Enola Yard, then removed 2011.
Royalton Sub 71Harrisburg Sub 722Main Line Philadelphia to Harrisburg
Lemo HT Sw'gHarrisburg Sub 722Runs across Susquehanna River on Cumberland Valley RR BridgeOut of service
Safe Harbor Sub 55Perryville Sub 164Private RoWUtility-style transmission towers. P5 and P6 lines were tapped south to serve Fishing Creek Sub 54 and Conowingo Sub 53.[22] These taps were removed concurrently with their associated substations.
Landover Sub 24Ivy City Sub 252Main Line Philadelphia to WashingtonPortion from Landover (24) to Ivy City (25) constructed in 2010.
Landover Sub 24Capitol (Former Sub 25)2Landover LineFormer route to Capitol Sub 25. Out of service and partially removed.
High-tension switching stations - located outside substations, i.e. in the field
Name Location Designation Comments
Metuchen HT Sw'g40.548998°N 74.346318°W / 40.548998; -74.346318 (Metuchen HT Sw'g)138M through 438MDisconnects each of main line circuits (4) from two spurs that runs via private ROW to Metuchen Frequency Changer.
Lemo HT Sw'g40.248454°N 76.888483°W / 40.248454; -76.888483 (Lemo HT Sw'g)West of Susquehanna River near Harrisburg; disconnects circuits running between Enola, Harrisburg, and Rowenna substations
Earnest HT Sw'g40°6′15″N 75°19′15″W163, 263 (Trenton Cutoff E);
164, 264 (Trenton Cutoff W);
1ED, 2ED (to Zoo)
Located at junction between Trenton Cutoff and Schuylkill Branch. Manually operated disconnect switches, now redundant with the abandonment of Trenton Cutoff transmission line and removal of Earnest Sub 63.
Frankford HT Sw'g40.0013°N 75.0943°W / 40.0013; -75.0943 (Frankford HT Sw'g 22)22Disconnects the feeder (42H) from Richmond from transmission line running between Frankford (22HT) and Cornwells (230E) in event of damage to catenary supports on Delair Branch. Allow limited feeding between Cornwells and Frankford to bypass Richmond. Damaged following the 2015 Philadelphia train derailment.[23]

Recent developments

Ivy City Substation 25 under construction in Washington, D.C., in 2010

Amtrak's capital improvement program which began in 2003 has continued to the present day and has since 2009, received added support from economic stimulus funding sources (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 or ARRA).

Major improvements in 2010 included:[24]

  • Completion of the Ivy City substation and 138 kV transmission line.
  • Replace five traction power transformers.
  • Renew 40 miles of catenary in Maryland.
  • Renew 18 miles of catenary in Pennsylvania.
  • Continue catenary renewal along Hell Gate line in New York.
  • Replace the 138 kV transmission line between Safe Harbor (Conestoga Substation) and Atglen, PA (just west of Parkesburg, PA).

Major improvements planned for the future include:

  • Upgrade the Metuchen frequency converter.
  • Construction of a new substation, called Hamilton (Sub 34A), between Morrisville and Princeton.
  • Upgrade of the catenary and power system for high-speed operation in New Jersey.

Ivy City substation project

The Ivy City substation project marked the first extension of 138 kV transmission line since Safe Harbor Dam was constructed in 1938. In the original PRR electrification scheme, the 138 kV transmission lines went south from Landover to the Capital South substation rather than following the line through Ivy City to the northern approach to Union Station. The two tracks between Landover and Union Station had no high voltage transmission line above them; Union Station catenary was fed at 12 kV from the Landover and Capitol substations (the latter via the First Street Tunnels). When the Capitol South substation was abandoned, coincident with the de-electrification of the track between Landover and Potomac Yard, Union Station and its approaches became a single-end fed section of track. This combined with rising traffic levels resulted in low voltage conditions on the approaches to Union Station and decreased system reliability.[25]

The Ivy City project resulted in the installation of two 4.5 MVA transformers in a 138/12 kV substation on the northeast edge of the Ivy City yard complex and 5.2 miles (8.4 km) of 138 kV transmission line to augment the overstretched facilities at Landover. Since the original catenary supports along this section of track were only high enough for the 12 kV catenary wire, the 138 kV lines were installed on new steel monopod poles installed along the right-of-way. Except for the fact that the new poles only carry four conductors rather than the typical six for a utility line, the new line appears as a typical medium voltage power line rather than the typical PRR style H-shaped structure.

Conestoga to Atglen transmission line

In 2011, Amtrak replaced the transmission lines that tie the Conestoga Substation to Parkesburg via Atglen. These lines were originally installed over the Atglen and Susquehanna Branch. The line was subsequently abandoned by Conrail and the tracks removed, but Amtrak has retained an easement to operate its 138 kV transmission lines over the roadbed. Towers and conductors and wire over 24 miles (39 km) of the route were replaced; work was completed in September 2011.[26] The scope of work included:

  • Original portal and cantilever catenary support (~450 structures) removal.
  • Installation of 257 new monopole structures.
  • 96 miles (154 km) of ACSR transmission conductor installation (two circuits, two wires each).
  • 24 miles (39 km) of fiberoptic ground line.

Funding for this project was included under the ARRA program. The specified number of poles, spaced approximately 500 feet (150 m) per tower, is approximately twice as far apart as the span length between the 1930s structures, which averaged 270 feet (82 m).[19]

Zoo to Paoli transmission line

In late 2010, Amtrak solicited design services for new transmission lines between Paoli and Zoo substations. Primary objectives of this expansion include improving reliability of transmission between Safe Harbor and Philadelphia, and reducing maintenance costs. This project complements the Safe Harbor to Atglen transmission line replacement, which has already been completed.

The Zoo to Paoli transmission line would replace the current supply scheme which uses 138 kV lines which run circuitously along the SEPTA Cynwyd Line, the Schuylkill Branch rail-trails and the Trenton Cut-off between the Zoo and Frazer substations. The new routing will reduce maintenance costs, as Amtrak must maintain transmission poles and control vegetation along right-of-way which it neither owns nor uses for revenue service. The conceptual line will run from the existing Paoli substation to the junction of the Harrisburg to Philadelphia main line and SEPTA's Cynwyd Line at 52nd Street in West Philadelphia. 39.9785°N 75.2280°W / 39.9785; -75.2280 (End of New Construction for Paoli-Zoo Transmission Lines).

The new lines would connect to the existing 1ED and 2ED circuits, which would be abandoned between the junction and their current terminus at the Earnest Junction HT Switch. The plan also includes construction of a 138/12 kV substation at Bryn Mawr to replace the existing switching station. The existing 1915 catenary structures are planned for replacement, and new transmission supports will be compatible with catenary replacement.[27] However, none of this was done due to local opposition.[28]

Hamilton substation project

A new substation (Number 34A) called Hamilton was constructed in Mercer County, NJ. Work on the site began in early 2013, and the substation sap put into service in early 2015.

Morton and Lenni

The Morton #01 and Lenni #02 substations are owned by SEPTA and supply the Media/Wawa Line; therefore, they are not covered by Amtrak capital funding programs. SEPTA's own capital improvement plan, formulated in late 2013 after passage of funding legislation in Pennsylvania, allowed for the renewal of all components at Morton and Lenni.[29][30]

Lenni

In October 2014 SEPTA requested interested contractors to submit bids for the rehabilitation of Lenni substation.[31] In December 2014 SEPTA awarded a $6.82 million contract to Vanalt Electrical for the work.[32] The work was completed by the end of fall 2016.[33]

Morton

In February 2014 SEPTA awarded a $6.62 million contract to Philips Brothers Electrical Contractors Inc.[34] for the rehabilitation of Morton substation.[35] The work was completed by the end of fall 2016.[36]

Recent problems

Despite the recent capital improvements throughout the system, several high-profile power failures have occurred along the NEC in recent years.

May 26, 2006 Blackout

On May 25, 2006, during restoration from maintenance on one of the Richmond inverter modules, a command to restore the module to full output capability was not executed. The system tolerated this reduced capacity for about 36 hours, during which time the problem went unnoticed. During rush hour the next morning (May 26), the overall capacity became overloaded:

  • At 7:55 am, the two Jericho Park converter breakers tripped.
  • Shortly after, the Sunnyside converter tripped.
  • At 8:02 am, three of the Richmond converter modules breakers tripped. A fourth tripped shortly afterward. After the fourth Richmond breaker tripped, the system began to destabilize. Human operators recognized the impending system damage and manually tripped the remaining power supplies, shutting down the entire 25 Hz network.[37]

By 8:03 am, the entire 25 Hz system, stretching from Washington, D.C. to Queens, New York, was shut down. About 52,000 people were stranded on trains or otherwise affected. Two New Jersey Transit trains stranded under the Hudson River were retrieved by diesel locomotives. Restoration was hampered by policies which allowed the converter stations to operate unattended during rush hour periods.[38] The 25 Hz system was restored by a 'black start' using the Safe Harbor water turbines, and most service along the system returned to normal by mid-afternoon. Amtrak subsequently improved its system of maintaining 'rescue' diesel locomotives near the Hudson River tunnels.[39]

December 23, 2009 Brownout

Low system voltage around New York City caused a halt of trains in and around the New York area at 8:45 am on Wednesday, December 23, 2009. Power was never fully lost, and full voltage was restored by 11:30 am. Amtrak stated that an electrical problem in North Bergen, New Jersey (near the western portal and the Union City substation) caused the problem, but did not further elaborate on the nature of the malfunction.[40]

August 24, 2010 Brownout

Low system voltages beginning at 7:45 am on Tuesday, August 24, 2010, caused Amtrak to order an essentially system-wide stoppage of trains within the 25 Hz traction network. Slow-speed service was gradually restored, and the power problem was corrected by 9:00 am, although delays persisted the remainder of the morning.[41]

October–November 2012: Hurricane Sandy

On October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the northeast coast of the U.S. Augmented by a nor'easter, the storm surge from Sandy raced through the Hackensack Meadows, severely damaging (among other railroad infrastructure) Kearney Substation #41 and knocking it offline. This loss of electrical capacity forced Amtrak and New Jersey Transit to operate fewer trains, using modified weekend schedules. With assistance from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the substation was isolated from floodwaters and then dewatered.[17] After testing the substation's components, the degree of damage was determined to be less than initially feared, and after further repairs, Kearney Substation came back on-line on Friday, November 16, allowing the immediate return of all Amtrak and gradual return of all NJ Transit electric trains into Penn Station through the dewatered North River Tunnels.[42]

Amtrak has since requested federal funding to upgrade Kearny substation so it is high enough to not be affected by flood water.[43]

See also

Footnotes

  1. The 25 Hz system continues through New York Penn Station and Sunnyside Yard. The 25 Hz system ends at a dead section in Queens, 0.4 miles (0.64 km) north of GATE interlocking at Bowery Bay substation, between catenary poles C-66 and C-70. Amtrak operates a short section of 60 Hz catenary between there and just south of New Rochelle (Metro-North's SHELL Interlocking) 40.7641°N 73.9054°W / 40.7641; -73.9054 (Gate Dead Section). The south end of the electrification is sufficiently far into Washington's 1st Street tunnel to allow electrics arriving with a southbound train to cutoff and return north.
  2. ET Electrical Operating Instructions (AMT-2) retrieved from http://www.amtrakengineer.net/AMT2111505.pdf Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine on October 9, 2009.
  3. Eitzmann et al. (1997).
  4. Forczek 2009, p. 18.
  5. Forczek 2009, p. 12
  6. Amtrak. "ARRA Project Summary FY2009."
  7. Jones (1993), p. 66.
  8. Vantuono, William C. (October 14, 2014). "Siemens equipping Amtrak NJHSRIP project". www.RailwayAge.com. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc.
  9. Gray (1998).
  10. Railway Power Stations
  11. The black-out mimic bus is visible to the right of Waterside in HABS NY,31-NEYO,78A-53.
  12. Jones (1993).
  13. Electrical World, 1917, pp. 439–440.
  14. "The Electrification of the Pennsylvania Railroad from Broad Street Terminal, Philadelphia, to Paoli". The Electric Journal. Pittsburgh, PA: The Electric Journal Co. XII (12): 536–541. December 1915.
  15. "The Electrification of the Pennsylvania Railroad", 1915.
  16. Cheyney and West Chester, both listed as having transformers in 1935 (WEMCO Book and ET-1 drawing), were removed, along with the 138 kV transmission lines supplying them, sometime between 1965 and 1968, according to aerial mapping photographs on HistoricAerials.com. 1932 photograph of part of Lenni-West Chester transmission line at Wawa station at https://www.flickr.com/photos/barrigerlibrary/13413592733/in/album-72157640554479833/, in the Flickr album of the John W. Barriger III National Railroad Library (original photo by John W. Barriger III).
  17. Amtrak Media Relations. "Amtrak to Re-open Three Tunnels to Penn Station New York, Friday, Nov. 9" (PDF). Amtrak news release. Amtrak. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  18. Rouse, Karen (April 4, 2013). "Federal officials announce new standards for post-Sandy rebuilding". www.NorthJersey.com. North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  19. Drawing ET-1
  20. "PRR Interlocking Diagram of 'Thorn'". Mark D. Bej's - Railroad related stuff. Mark D. Bej. January 1, 1963. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  21. The Delair Branch between Frankford Junction and Pavonia yard was de-electrified in late 1966. It was re-electrified on May 21, 1973. It was de-electrified again (probably in the early 1980s?). See Timeline of PRR in NJ Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  22. See photograph HAER PA,51-PHILA,712B-3 one line diagram details. The tap for the line to Fishing Creek was located here: 39°47′29.83″N 76°15′0.78″W
  23. Camardella Jr., Al (May 13, 2015). "Amtrak 188 Crash Scene - 5.13.15". Flickr. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  24. Amtrak 2010
  25. See discussion in McElligott for a detailed discussion of reasons for substation construction.
  26. "Pennsylvania Public Notices".
  27. National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), Philadelphia, PA (2010). "Request for Design Services Letters of Interest for Pre-Qualification to Develop Construction Specifications for Construction of a New Transmission Line / Electrification System from Zoo to Paoli, Pennsylvania." Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  28. "Height of poles, safety are concerns at Amtrak meeting; more sessions scheduled tonight and June 6". Mainline Media News. MediaNews Group. May 28, 2013. Archived from the original on October 6, 2023.
  29. SEPTA. "Railroad Substation Program" (PDF). Proposed Capital Plan: "Catching Up". Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
  30. "SEPTA Projects Funded Under Senate Bill 1" (PDF). PennDOT Decade of Investment. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
  31. SEPTA (October 2014). "Lenni Substation Rehabilitation Project (Bid Number 14-197-JAB)". www.SEPTA.org/business. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  32. SEPTA. "Lenni Substation Rehabilitation Project (Bid Number 14-197-JAB)" (PDF). www.SEPTA.org/business. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 30, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  33. SEPTA. "Lenni Substation (Media/Elwyn Regional Rail Line)". Rebuilding for the Future (Substation Program). Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  34. "Philips Brothers Electrical Contractors Inc". www.philipsbrothers.com.
  35. SEPTA. "Morton Substation Rehabilitation Project (Bid Number 15-008-MJP)" (PDF). www.SEPTA.org/business. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  36. SEPTA. "Morton Substation (Media/Elwyn Regional Rail Line)". Rebuilding for the Future (Substation Program). Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  37. McGeehan, Patrick (May 26, 2006). "Blackout on the Rails: Overview; Thousands Are Stuck as Northeast Trains Go Dark." New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  38. Wald, Matthew (February 23, 2007). "New Gear, Not Old, Caused 2006 Amtrak Blackout." New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  39. Wald, Matthew (June 6, 2006). "Amtrak Takes Action to Ease Delays During Power Failures." New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  40. The Associated Press (AP) (December 23, 2009). "Northeast train problems strand holiday travelers". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  41. Moore, Martha (August 25, 2010). "New York, D.C. areas hit with train delays". USA Today. USA Today (a division of Gannett Co. Inc.). Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  42. "Key Amtrak electrical substation in New Jersey to come back online Friday, Nov. 16" (PDF). Amtrak.com. Amtrak. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  43. Rouse, Karen (December 6, 2012). "Amtrak asks Congress for emergency funding for flood protection". www.NorthJersey.com. North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved August 26, 2015.

References

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