Amur River Tunnel

The Amur River Tunnel (Russian: Тоннель под Амуром, during its construction — стройка No.4) is a 7200-meter-long railroad tunnel on the Trans-Siberian Railroad, in Khabarovsk, Russia. It was built during 1937—42 for giving an alternate route for the Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur River. This tunnel is the only underwater tunnel in the Russian Railroad System.[5]

Khabarovsk I — Birobidzhan I
km to Khabarovsk II (Vladivostok) 8,522 Khabarovsk I Serysheva Street Khabarovsk passenger depot│Pier 8,520 Pacific Street 8,517 8,518 Severnaya 8,516 Amur River Tunnel Uborevycha Street 8,515 Amur 8,512 Khabarovsk Bridge across Amur River Khabarovsk Krai Jewish Autonomous Oblast   5 Pokrovka-Pier 8,511 Telman 8,510 0 Post Basil M 58 Khabarovsk–Chita 8,506 Pokrovka 8,504 Enthusiasts 8,496 Nikolaevka 8,493 Klyuchevaya 8,491 Sovkhoznaya 8,485 Dezhnevka to Volochaevka II (Komsomolsk) 8,480 Tunguska 8,474 Volochaevka I 8,449 Olgohta 8,422 In (Smidovich) 8,393 Aur 8,366 Ikura 8,365 M 58 Khabarovsk–Chita 8,355 Ikura River 8,366 Birobidzhan III to Birobidzhan II (Leninsk) 8,351 Birobidzhan I to Yaroslavsky (Moscow) km

Amur River Tunnel

Profile of Amur River Tunnel
Overview
Official name	English: Amur River Tunnel Russian: Тоннель под Амуром Russian: стройка No.4
Line	Trans-Siberian Railway
Location	Russia (Imeni Telmana, JAO, and Khabarovsk Krai)
Coordinates	48°31′33.32″N 135°1′52.30″E
Status	Active since 25 October 1942 [1]
System	OAO RZhD
Crosses	Amur River
Operation
Work begun	1937
Opened	July 12, 1941 [2]
Owner	OAO RZhD
Operator	OAO RZhD
Traffic	Railway
Character	Passenger and freight
Technical
Length	7.198 km (4.473 mi)[3]
No. of tracks	single-track[4]
Track gauge	1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) (Russian gauge)
Highest elevation	−70 m (−230 ft)
Lowest elevation	−14 m (−46 ft)
Tunnel clearance	7.40 m (24.3 ft)

External image
Electric locomotive VL60K-1409 in the tunnel

The concept of drilling a tunnel underneath the Amur River arose in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. In 1913, at the exhibition of the plans Amur Region, there was a drawing of the tunnel, but the choice had already been made in favor of the bridge.

During the 1930s, the construction of a second track for the Trans-Siberian Railroad east of Irkutsk was undertaken. The need to build this tunnel was caused by the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, and the loss of the Chinese Eastern Railway. Accordingly, the bridge at Khabarovsk was vulnerable to the Japanese air raids. In 1936, because of the particular strategic importance for the country's Trans-Siberian Railroad, the Kremlin decided to build under the urging of the General Staff of the Red Army.

The technical design of the underwater 7,200 meter-long tunnel was carried out in 1937 by the Metroproject Institute which was then in the People's Commissariat of Communications of the USSR

The seven kilometer-long-railroad tunnel had been covered with five boards ??, 3627 meter-long mountain way?? (three faces) in the eastern sector, 1350 meters of open way in the western section, and an internal ?? diameter tunnel - 7400 mm for underwater.[6] Using crushed stone, construction of houses and other surface structures carried out by railway troops. 900 experts in the primary professions and thousands of local civilian citizens worked directly in the tunnel under the Amur. About 5500 people worked only towards "construction № 4", a code name. Prisoners working in the Tunguska and in the New Stone ?? quarried limestone for buildings. The Magnitogorsk plant on the Ural River supplied the iron tubing to line the tunnel. [7]

Shortly prior to the Great Patriotic War, the work was nearing completion. In 1941, after the outbreak of the war, Joseph Stalin set a time limit on completing the building of the railway.[6] On 12 July 1941, the first train with builders on it ran through the tunnel. Regular traffic started on 25 October 1942.

During 1944–45, cargo transportation for the upcoming invasion of Manchuria against Japan began. In accordance with the order of the People's Commissar of Railways Ivan Vladimirovich Kovalev of 22 May 1945 on the Far Eastern Railway to expedite the work, procedures was put in place to skip all forms of transportation and military compounds. After the fighting in the Far East was over in August 1945, the secret tunnel facility was temporarily closed. Because of the growth in freight traffic, there was the need to increase the capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railroad in 1964. The tunnel was the used for the movement of freight trains. After the completion of the electrification of the railway through the tunnel, passenger trains began to pass through it.[5]

Until 2008 the combination through Amur River was continued - on the railway bridge and the tunnel. In 2009, after completion of the second stage of the reconstruction of Amur bridge opening two-way traffic across it, the "bottleneck" problem has been removed. This made it possible to reconstruct the underwater tunnel, after which the construction of the Trans-Siberian Amur link was on three tracks - two on the bridge, and one in the tunnel.

• 
  Railroad to the east tunnel portal (right bank), Kirovsky City District, Khabarovsk
• 
  On the left side of the fence - the left bank (west) portal,
  right - Khabarovsk Bridge left bank pier bridge.

Beside the eastern tunnel portal, there is a granite plate with words: