Anambra State

Anambra State is a Nigerian state, located in the southeastern region of the country.[4] The state was created on 27 August 1991.[5] Anambra state is bounded by Delta State to the west, Imo State to the south, Enugu State to the east and Kogi State to the north.[6]

Anambra
State
Anambra State
Anambra State Government House
Anambra State Government House
Flag of Anambra
Flag
Seal of Anambra State Government
Seal
Nicknames: 
Light of the Nation
Igbo: Ife Mbà
Anthem: "With All Our Hearts, We Pray and Ask"
Location of Anambra in Nigeria
Location of Anambra in Nigeria
Coordinates: 6°20′N 7°00′E
Country Nigeria
CapitalAwka
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Anambra State
 • GovernorCharles Chukwuma Soludo (APGA)
 • Deputy GovernorGilbert Onyekachukwu Ibezim (APGA)
 • LegislatureAnambra State House of Assembly
 • SenatorsC: Victor Umeh (LP)
N: Tony Nwoye (LP)
S: Ifeanyi Ubah (YPP)
 • RepresentativesList
Area
 • Total4,844 km2 (1,870 sq mi)
 • Rank35 of 36
Population
 (2006 census)1
 • Total4,177,821
 • Estimate 
(2022)
9,000,000
 • Rank14 of 36[1]
 • Density860/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
DemonymsNdi Anambra, Anambrarians
GDP (PPP)
 • Year2021
 • Total$33.26 billion[2]
6th of 36
 • Per capita$5,231[2]
12th of 36
Time zoneUTC+01 (WAT)
postal code
420001
Dialing Code+234
ISO 3166 codeNG-AN
LanguageEnglish
Igbo
HDI (2021)0.662[3]
medium · 3rd of 37
Websiteanambrastate.gov.ng
^1 Preliminary results

According to the 2020 census report, there are over 5 million residents in the state.[7] The state name was formed in 1976 from the former East Central State. The state is named after Omambala River, a river that runs through the state. Anambra is the Anglicized name of the Omambala.[8][9] The State capital is Awka. The city of Onitsha, a historic port city from the pre-colonial era, remains an important centre of commerce within the state.[10]

Nicknamed the "Light of the Nation", Anambra State is the fourteenth most populous state[11] in the nation, although that has seriously been argued against as Onitsha, the state's biggest and most populous urban area was discovered to be over 1.6 million in population in 2022 by Africapolis which makes Onitsha one of the largest urban areas in Nigeria by population.[12][13][14][15] The area currently known as Anambra State has been the site of numerous civilizations since at least the 9th century AD, including the ancient Kingdom of Nri, whose capital was the historic town of Igbo-Ukwu within the state. Residents of Anambra State are primarily Igbo,[16][17] with the Igbo language serving as a lingua franca throughout the state.[18]

During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), Anambra State was part of the secessionist Republic of Biafra formed by Igbo nationalists. Anambra was severely affected by the war.[19][20] Today, Anambra State is one of most urbanized state in Nigeria.[21] [22]

Etymology

The name Anambra is the merging of Anam and branch. Anam is a clan in the Omambala region[23] and the last Igbo speaking community the British colonialists encountered while heading up to Northern Nigeria from across the riverine areas. They usually described present day Anambra as 'Anam branch' to their colleagues up North. Reason Anam together with some neighboring clans was Anambra LGA when the state was created. It is now Anambra-West LGA with Olumbanasa.

History

Anambra's history stretches to the 9th century AD, as revealed by archaeological excavations at Igbo-Ukwu and Ezira. It has great works of art in iron, bronze, copper, and pottery. These have revealed a sophisticated divine Kingship administrative system, which held sway in the area of Anambra from c. 948 AD to 1911. In some towns, such as Ogidi and others, local families had hereditary rights to kingship for centuries.[24][25]

Great Britain recognised some of these traditional kings and leaders in their system of indirect rule of the Protectorate of South Nigeria. Beginning in the 19th century, they appointed some noble leaders as Warrant Chiefs, authorizing them to collect taxes, among other duties.

Anambra is in the Igbo-dominated area that seceded as part of an independent Biafra in 1967, following rising tensions with Northern Nigeria. During the Nigerian/Biafran war (1967–1970), Biafran engineers constructed a relief airstrip in the town of Uli/Amorka (code named "Annabelle"). Extremely dangerous relief flights took off from Sao Tome and other sites loaded with tons of food and medicine for the distressed Biafran population. Uli/Amorka airstrip was the site where American pilots such as Alex Nicoll, and scores of others, delivered tons of relief supplies to the Biafran population.[26]

Disgusted by the suffering and mounting death toll in Biafra from starvation, as well as the continuous harassment of the relief planes by the Nigerian Airforce, Carl Gustaf von Rosen resigned as a Red Cross relief pilot. He helped Biafra to form an airforce of five Minicoin planes Malmö MFI-9 stationed at the Uga airstrip. He named his tiny but effective air force "Babies of Biafra" in honour of the babies who died from starvation inside Biafra.[27][28][29]

Old Anambra State was created in 1976 from part of East Central State, and its capital was Enugu. In 1991 a re-organisation divided Anambra into two states, Anambra and Enugu. The capital of the New Anambra is Awka.[30]

Geography
Agulu Lake

Location

Boundaries are formed by Delta State to the west, Imo State and Rivers State to the south, Enugu State to the east, and Kogi State to the north. The name was derived from the Anambra River (Omambala) which flows through the area and is a tributary of the River Niger.

Anambra is the eighth-most populated state in the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the second-most densely populated state in Nigeria after Lagos State. The stretch of more than 45 km between the towns of Oba and Amorka contains a cluster of numerous thickly populated villages and small towns, giving the area an estimated average density of 1,500–2,000 persons per square kilometre.[31]

Climate

The state has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate with yearly temperature of 28.99°C (84.18°F) and it is -0.47% lower than Nigeria's averages. Anambra typically receives about 212.36 millimeters (8.36 inches) of precipitation and has 243.38 rainy days (66.68% of the time) annually.[32][33]

The state has been described as one of the worst places affected by the climate change in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa in 2022 according to the Climate Change Education and Action Programme, (CLEAP).[34]

Administrative Division

Cities and administrative divisions
See also: List of villages in Anambra State

With an annual population growth rate of 2.21 percent per annum, Anambra State has over 60% of its people living in urban areas. It is one of the most urbanized states in Nigeria.[35]

The major urban centres of Anambra State are Onitsha, Nnewi, Ekwulobia, Ihiala, Aguleri and Awka, the state capital. Awka and Onitsha had developed as pre-colonial urban centres: Awka was the craft industrial centre of the Nri hegemony. Onitsha is a city state on the Niger, having developed as a river port and commercial centre.

Onitsha is a fast-growing commercial city, and has developed to become a huge conurbation extending to Idemili, Oyi and Anambra East LGAs, with one of the largest markets in West Africa.

In 2012 the tri-city area was dubbed the Onitsha-Nnewi-Awka (ONA) Industrial Axis, in recognition of the expanding industrial capacity. Nnewi (sometimes called the Taiwan of Nigeria)[36][37] is a rapidly developing industrial and commercial centre. Designated as the state capital, Awka has regained its precolonial administrative eminence.

Local government areas
Anambra State LGA Map alt text
Anambra State LGA map

Anambra State consists of 21 local government areas. They are:

Economy
Innoson Vehicles in Nnewi

Agriculture is an important economic sector in Anambra. Oil palms, maize, rice, yams and cassava are among the crops grown. Fishing is also part of the economic mainstay of Anambra State more especially for communities along the riverine areas.

Anambra houses the first Nigerian vehicle manufacturer, Innoson, an automobile manufacturer, located in Nnewi.[38][39][40]

People all over West Africa travel to Onitsha to trade, which boost the internal revenue of the state, making it one of the top commercial towns in Africa.[41][42]

Awka, the state capital, is also the center of Nigeria's metalwork and carving industries.

Anambra is a home of innovation, inventions and creativity. There has been several innovations in Anambra, due to its appreciation of education, which has added to the state's GDP. One of those was in 2018, when two brothers, Atikpo Chukwuebuka and Ubaka Chukwuebuka, were the first to invent a machine, that could wash off the bitterness from bitter leaf (a highly nutritious vegetable).[43] This machine will greatly improve the productivity of vegetable farming in the state.

The export of agricultural items is a continual boost to Anambra Internal Generated Revenue, as in 2017, $5 million was generated from the export of washed bitter leaf.[43]

There is a huge deposit of oil and gas in Nigeria, with the Anambra Basin having a great potential of 1000 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves untapped. Having more than 13 oil wells situated in Anambra, Anambra state has the capacity to produce more than 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day, with indigenous companies like Orient Petroleum, and Sterling Oil Exploration and Production Co. LTD (SEEPCO), already leading the way.[44]

Natural resources

Anambra is rich in natural gas, crude oil, bauxite, and ceramic.[45] It has an almost 100 percent arable soil.

Anambra state has many other resources in terms of agro-based activities such as fisheries and farming, as well as land cultivated for pasturing and animal husbandry.

Oil and gas

In the year 2006, a foundation-laying ceremony for the first Nigerian private refinery, Orient Petroleum Refinery (OPR), was made at Aguleri area.[46] The Orient Petroleum Resource Ltd (OPRL), owner of OPR, was licensed in June 2002, by the Federal Government to construct a private refinery with a capacity of 55,000 barrels per day (~7,500 t/d).

In 2012, following the efforts of Governor Peter Obi and other stakeholders of Orient Petroleum, Anambra State became an oil-producing state. The indigenous company struck oil in the Anambra River basin.[47]

On 2 August 2015, the management of Orient Petroleum Resources Plc said the company planned to increase its crude oil production to 3,000 barrels per day by September 2015, as it stepped up production activities in two new oil wells in its Aguleri oil fields. An indigenous company, Nails and Stanley Ltd, was to establish a gas plant at Umueje in Ayamelum Local Government Area to support economic activities in the oil and gas industry in the state.[48]

Infrastructure and urbanization
Niger Bridge

Since the late 1990s, there has been a migration from rural to urban areas in the state, resulting in Anambra becoming a highly urbanized state: 62% of its population lives in urban areas. In October 2015, the APGA-led state government of Willie Obiano, signed a memorandum of understanding with Galway modular housing company, Affordable Building Concepts International, for 10,000 housing units to be built in the state.[49]

Given decades of neglect of infrastructure and bad governance, the shift in human migration has posed problems for the state. Infrastructure improvements, both physical and social, have lagged behind the growth in population. There are problems in environmental sanitation, erosion control, and provision of social services. Major cities have become characterized by inadequate and deteriorated road networks and walkways, unregulated building patterns, poor sanitation, uncontrolled street trading, mountains of garbage, and chaotic transport systems, creating congestion, noise pollution, and overcrowding.[50]

The government of Peter Obi, with the assistance of the UN-HABITAT, produced 20-year structural plans (2009–2028) for three major cities in the State: Onitsha, Nnewi and Awka – the Capital Territory, to restore urban planning and guide their growth into the future.

The plans contain policies and proposals for land use, city beautification, road infrastructure, industrial development, housing, waste disposal, water supply and health and educational facilities to turn the cities into successful urban areas that can generate employment and wealth, and provide high living standards for their residents.[51]

Anambra became the first state in Nigeria to adopt structural plans for its cities.[4] With effective implementation, it should systematically grow as a major economic center in Nigeria, and West Africa.

The process of urbanization is fairly contributed by population growth, immigration, migration, and infrastructure initiatives like good road, water, power, and gardens, resulting in the growth of villages into towns, town into cities and cities into metros. To have ecologically feasible development, planning requires an understanding of the growth dynamics. There is a fear that if too many people leave the villages, only the aged men and women will be left to farm. This pattern has been seen in Amesi, Akpo, and Achina towns in Aguata local government area. They have been important in the production of yam, cocoyam, and cassava through consistent agriculture, but such activities have suffered due to the out-migration of youth to the urban centres. There has been both food scarcity in the region and over-population in urban areas.

To upgrade the state capital and improve traffic, Awka, Governor Willie Obiano signed off on construction of three fly-overs between the Amawbia and Arroma end of the Enugu-Onitsha Expressway, a distance of about three kilometres within the city.[52] Anambra International Cargo Airport, Umueri, opened on 7 December 2021.[53]

Transport

Anambra has good transport links to other states in the country.

Nearly completed second Niger bridge at Onitsha

Water Transportation Service;

The Niger River connects Onitsha Inland Port with the ports of Port Harcourt in Rivers State, and Bururu and Warri in Delta State. Nearing completion is the Second Niger Bridge at Onitsha.[54]

Road Transportation companies;

• Transport Company of Anambra State ( TRACAS)

• Chisco Transport Limited

• GUO Transport Company

• Eastern Mass Transit

• Goodness and Mercy Transport Company

• Peace Mass Transit

• ABC Transport Terminal

• Star Sunny Motors

Air Transportation service;

• Anambra International Cargo Airport

Culture and tourism

Ogbunike Caves, listed by UNESCO[55] as a World Heritage Site,[56] is one of the most visited tourist sites in Anambra State. It is classified as a sandstone cave (Lateritic sandstones of Campanian-Miocene age).[57] The Owerre Ezukala caves and waterfalls are great tourist attractions in the state.[58] Largely unexplored, the caves are said to be the largest in West Africa.[59][60]

The indigenous ethnic groups in Anambra state are the Igbo (99% of the population) and a small population of people who are bilingual[61]

Igbo Ukwu 9th century bronzes monuments

Igbo Ukwu Museum:[62] Igbo Ukwu is an ancient town known for its astonishing metal crafts; it continues to attract tourists to see its bronze artifacts. First noticed in 1938, the bronzes were later excavated by Thurstan Shaw (an English archaeologist). They have been dated to the 9th century, and are of high value and historic relevance.[63]

Other places of interest in the state includes:

  • Ogba Waterfalls; considered to be one of the largest cave in West Africa, which will take upwards to two hours to explore. It is located in Owerre Ezeukala, that borders three other states: Abia, Enugu and Imo.
  • Agulu Lake; it is very wide and lengthy with a beautiful surface area. It habitats several marine species the most famous of them being the crocodile and water turtle which on estimate, they were about three hundred. Fishing is prohibited there.
  • Rojenny Tourist Village; located in Oba and has small games reserves that are populated with a variety of animals such as Baboons, Chimpanzees, Alligators etc. It also has African bar-restaurant, children’s park, Olympic size swimming pool, etc
  • Odinani Museum Nri; located in Anaocha Local Government, it houses lots of archaeological discoveries, cultural and traditional religious artifacts.
  • Ikenga Virgin Forest; the only virgin forest in Nigeria as the trees have never been deforested nor its land cultivated. It is home to species of animals that have gone extinct in other parts of the country.
  • The palaces of Obi of Onitsha and Eze Nri. [64]


Cuisines

Anambra also has diverse delicacies; onugbu soup, a famous dish from the state. Nsala soup, Oha Soup, Egusi soup, Palm oil Stew, Nkwobi, Isi ewu, Abacha, Ukwa, and Akidi are some of the most common foods in Anambra.[65][66]

Festivals

• Onitsha Ofala Festival; celebrated once a year in October, to mark the climax of the New Yam.

• Igu Aro Festival ; annual festival celebrated in Enugu Ukwu to flag off the annual planting season.

• Nnewi afiaolu Festival; traditional festival held annually in Nnewi around August.

• Imo Awka Festival; usually celebrated between May and June every year, in Awka, the capital city of Anambra State.

• Aguleri Ovala Festival; celebrated on the first Eke market day of the year in Aguleri.

• Uzoiyi Festival Umuoji; annual cultural festival of the Umuoji people.[67]

Music

Traditional music in Anambra includes a number of genre such as Igbo Highlife, Ogene, Igbo Gospel, Ekpili, etc. Some notable traditional musicians from Anambra include: Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe, Chief Oliver De Coque, Maduka Morocco, Umu Obiligbo, Flavour, etc

Dance

Dance is one of the best way of self expression in the Igboland. The most popular dance from the state is Mkpokiti dance. Some of the most popular dances in Anambra include: Atilogwu Dance, Egedege dance, Igbo Ndi Eze, etc [68]

Masqueredes

Masquerades are mostly active during the festive seasons. Ijele Masquerade is the most popular masquerade from Anambra. Others include: Izaga, Ulaga, Agaba and Aji Busuu.

Religion
St. Joseph Catholic Church, Awka-Etiti

The churches in Anambra State include Catholic, Anglican, and Pentecostal. The Catholic cathedral is the Cathedral Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity, located at 13B New Nkisi Rd, GRA 434106, Onitsha. The Anglican Cathedral is All Saints Cathedral, GRA 434106, Onitsha.

Anambra State also has numerous Pentecostal churches like Assemblies of God Church,[69] Redeemed Church,[70] House on the Rock, Dominion City,[71] Dunamis, Winners' Chapel, and Christ Embassy.

Education

Primary and Secondary School

Anambra State Universal Education Board, (ASUBEB) is responsible for the coordination and organization of educational activities, promotion of effective teaching and learning in Anambra State Schools.

Education is compulsory from ages six to fifteen. It is required that any parents and guardians must ensure that their child is enrolled in and regularly attends private, public or a combination of schools for the academic session.

Grundtvig International Secondary School is among the top ranked private school in Nigeria.

Anambra is known to be leading in basic education in Nigeria, especially in science and technology. In 2018, five students from Regina Pacis Model secondary school,[72] Onitsha, won gold medals at the World Technovation Challenge, held in Silicon Valley, San Francisco.[73] In 2019, Anambra State representative St.  John’s Technical College Alor won bronze at the International Festival of Engineering, Science and Technology I-FEST,  held in Tunisia . In 2021, Seven students from Queen of the Rosary College, Onitsha defeated over five thousand other teams from around the world to win the Global Prize Award at Diamond Challenge Global Summit. Anambra students have also won series of International and National debate.[74]

Some of Anambra Best Secondary Schools include: Christ the King College Onitsha, Dennis Memmorial Secondary School Onitsha, Lorreto Special Secondary School Adazi Nnukwu, Marist Comprehensive College Nteje, All hallows Seminary Onitsha, British Spring College Awka, Grundtvig International Secondary School Oba, Mater Amabilis Secindary School Umuoji, St. Charles College Onitsha, Dominica Sisters College Abatete, Regina Pacis Secondary School Onitsha, e.t.c[75]

Colleges and Universities

Anambra state is a home to number of public and private tertiary institutions. Their activities are overseen by the Anambra state and Federal Ministry of Education.

Nnamdi Azikiwe University alt text
Nnamdi Azikiwe University

Public

Private
Paul university, Anambra

The literacy rate in the state is comparatively high compared to other states. Anambra State students have won laurels, nationally and internationally in recent times. This is a pointer to the literacy rate of the state, when compared to others.[94][95][96][97] Primary and secondary school enrollment in the state is one of the highest in the country.[98] Consequently, Anambra state has the highest number of JAMB candidates going after the limited number of spaces in Nigeria's tertiary colleges.[99] From 2011/2012 to 2014, its students had the best results in both WAEC and NECO-conducted senior secondary school examinations.[100][101]

Anambra State has some of the best boarding and day secondary schools in Nigeria. The state places a high standard on secondary education.[102][103]

Health

The successive government of the state had established Anambra State Health Insurance Scheme, to enable people pay a little amount of money for quality healthcare services noting that it is a way of strengthening the health sector and making health services accessible to the people of the State irrespective of their level of income.[104]

Notable Health Institutions in anambra include:

  • Anambra University Teaching Hospital Awka.
  • Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching Hospital Nnewi
  • Iyi Enu Hospital Ogidi
  • St. Borromeo Specialist Hospital Onitsha
  • Dame Irene Okwuosa Cardiology Hospital Oraifite
  • Obijackson Children Hospital Okija
  • Health Research Institute Umuchukwu [105]

Politics

Anambra's political history can be described as varied. Until the early 21st century, it was marked by considerable unrest. Having a long list of "firsts" in Nigerian history, it has been known by the sobriquet as, "The Light of The Nation". On 29 May ,1999, Chinwoke Mbadinuju was sworn in as civilian governor of Anambra state, after many years of military rule. His administration was plagued by deep problems: the most notable was withholding of teachers' salaries in the school. The teachers finally conducted a ten-month strike in all the government secondary schools in the state.[106]

Before Mbadinuju's rule, secondary education had been free of charge. His administration imposed a tuition fee of 3,000 Naira per term, for all secondary schools, which led to an unprecedented massive demonstration by secondary school students from all over the state. Many people attribute Mbadinuju's failure to political godfathers; his successor also struggled. On 26 May 2003, Chris Ngige was sworn in as the new governor of the state, but he was removed in March 2006 after Peter Obi of APGA filed charges against him of electoral malpractice. The Court of Appeal in Enugu asserted that Ngige's apparent victory in the 2003 election was fraudulent and ordered him to leave the seat.[107]

Obi was ousted by a faction of the Anambra State House of Assembly on 2 November 2006 and replaced by Virginia Etiaba, his deputy.[108] On 9 February 2007, Etiaba handed power back to Obi after the Court of Appeal had nullified Obi's removal.[109]

On 14 April 2007, Andy Uba of PDP was "elected" as the new governor of the state and, on 29 May, was sworn in.[110] Reported to be massively rigged, the election was widely criticised. On 14 June 2007 the Supreme Court of Nigeria ruled that Peter Obi's tenure had not ended; therefore there was no vacancy in the governorship. It removed Andy Uba from office and replaced him with his predecessor Obi.[111]

On 6 February 2010, Peter Obi was re-elected governor for a second term of four years, after a hot contest with Chris Ngige, a former governor of the state; Prof. Charles Soludo, a former governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria; and Andy Uba, who was a strong voice in the state's politics.[112][113] Other contenders included Mrs Uche Ekwunife, Prince Nicholas Ukachukwu, and many others. Twenty-five contestants ran for the office. Obi was affirmed as the winner of the election, having more than 30% votes above the immediate runner-up. Chief Willie Obiano was sworn in on 17 March 2014 after winning the 16 November 2013 election. Governor Willie Obiano of All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) was sworn in for a second term in office on 17 March 2018 after the victory at 18 November 2017 elections.[114] He handed over to Charles Soludo, winner of the November 9, 2021 gubernatorial election in Anambra state on 17 March 2022.[115][116]

Media

Notable media houses in Anambra include:

Television
  • Anambra Broadcasting Service TV
  • NTA Channel 5 Awka
  • NTA Onitsha
Radio
  • ABS 88.5FM
  • Brilla Sports 88.9FM
  • Wazobia 93.7FM
  • Sapientia 93.5FM
  • Blaze 91.5FM
  • City Radio 89.7FM
News Paper
  • National Light Newspaper [117]

Sports

The most popular sports in the state is Football. Anambra is home to a number of professional sports teams: the Ifeanyi Ubah FC of NPFL, the NPFL champion Udoji United FC, and Anambra Pillars FC.

Some notable stadiums include: Ifeanyi Ubah International Stadium Nnewi, Awka City Stadium, Chuba Ikpeazu Memmorial Stadium Onitsha, etc [118]

Electoral system

The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.[119]

Notable people
Chinua Achebe alt text
Chinua Achebe
Chimamanda Adichie alt text
Chimamanda Adichie
Blessed Iwene Tansi
Emeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe
Pete Edochie
Professor Kenneth Dike
Francis Cardinal Arinze
P-Square
Philip Emeagwali
Chuba Okadigbo
Alex Ekwueme

[149]

See also

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