Anania Shirakatsi

Anania[lower-alpha 1] Shirakatsi lived in the 7th century.[15] The dates of his birth and death have not been definitively established. Robert H. Hewsen noted in 1968 that Anania is widely believed to have been born between 595 and 600;[5] a quarter-century later he settled on c. 610 as a birthdate and 685 as the year he died.[16] Agop Jack Hacikyan et al. place his birth in early 600s but agrees on 685.[17] James R. Russell, Edward G. Mathews, and Theo van Lint also concur with 610–685,[18][4][3] while Greenwood suggests c. 600–670.[10] Vardanyan places his death in the early 690s.[19]

Anania is the only classical Armenian scholar to have written an autobiography.[5] It is a brief text, characterized as "somewhat self-congratulatory"[6] and "more a statement of academic pedigree" than autobiography.[20] It was probably written as the preface to one of his scholarly works, possibly the K'nnikon.[4] He was the son of Hovhannes/Yovhannes and was born in the village of Anania/Aneank' (Անեանք) or in the town of Shirakavan (Yerazgavors),[21] in the canton of Shirak (Širak), in the central Armenian province of Ayrarat.[22] Aneank' may be connected to the later city of Ani, the Bagratid Armenian capital.[23]

Anania probably came from a noble family.[4] Since his name is sometimes spelled as "Shirakuni" (Շիրակունի), Hewsen argued that he may have belonged to the house of the Kamsarakan or Arsharuni princes of Shirak and Aršarunik’, respectively.[5] Greenwood suggests that it is more likely that Anania came from the lesser nobility in Shirak, who served the house of Kamsarakan.[24] Broutian describes his father as a "minor Armenian nobleman."[25] Vardanyan believes he either came from the Kamsarakan family or that they were his patrons.[26]

Anania is traditionally thought to have been buried in the village of Anavank'; however, the tradition probably originated from the name of the village.[3]

Anania received his early education at the local Armenian schools, possibly at Dprevank monastery,[27] where he studied sacred texts and earlier Armenian authors.[5][28] Due to the lack of teachers and books in Armenia, he decided to travel to the Byzantine Empire (the "land of the Greeks") to study mathematics.[10][28] After first traveling to Theodosiopolis, then to the Byzantine-controlled province of Fourth Armenia (probably Martyropolis),[1] where he studied under the mathematician Christosatur for six months.[1] He then left to find a better teacher and learned about Tychicus,[lower-alpha 2] who was based at the monastery (or martyrium) of Saint Eugenios in Trebizond.[5][10] Redgate placed this in the 620s.[1] Greenwood has speculated that Tychicus, not mentioned elsewhere, may actually be Stephanus of Alexandria.[29]

Anania devoted a significant part of his autobiography to Tychicus (born c. 560), with whom he spent eight years in the 620s or 630s.[30] Tychicus had studied the Armenian language and its literature while serving in the Byzantine army in Armenia.[6][31] Wounded by the Persians, he retired from the military and later studied in Alexandria, Rome, and Constantinople.[6][31] Tychicus later returned to his native Trebizond, where he established a school c. 615.[31] Tychicus taught many students from Constantinople (including from the imperial court) and was renowned among Byzantine kings.[32][10] He provided Anania special attention and taught him what Anania called a "perfect knowledge of mathematics".[17] In Tychicus's vast library, Anania found "everything, exoteric and esoteric",[18] including sacred and secular Greek authors, including works on the sciences, medicine, chronology, and history.[10][31][33] James R. Russell argued that his library may have included Pythagorean and alchemical books.[18] Anania considered Tychicus to have been "predestined by God for the introduction of science into Armenia."[31]

Anania himself established a school in Armenia upon his return.[17] That school, the first in Armenia to teach quadrivium, is presumed to have been located in his native Shirak.[3][31] He was disappointed with the laziness of his students and their departure after learning the basics.[31] Anania complained about Armenians' lack of interest in mathematics,[6] writing that they "love neither learning, nor knowledge."[33] Nicholas Adontz considered it an exaggeration, "if not an absolute slander, to deny the Armenian innate love of investigation."[34] The 12th-century chronicler Samuel of Ani listed five of Shirakatsi's students,[3] who are otherwise unknown.[35] Anania financed his research in several fields with the money he earned teaching.[31]

An arithmetic book by Shirakatsi

Anania was primarily devoted to mathematics,[4] which he considered the "mother of all knowledge."[3][5] His mathematical books were used as textbooks in Armenia.[6]

Of Anania's several mathematical works, the most important is the book of arithmetic (Hamaroghut’iun, Համարողութիւն; or T'vabanut'iun, Թւաբանութիւն),[60] a comprehensive collection of tables on the four basic operations.[52] It is the earliest extant known work of its kind.[3][8] The operations reach up to a total of 80 million, which is the highest number.[8] A possible theoretical part is believed lost.[52]

Problems and Solutions (alternatively translated as On Questions and Answers), a collection of 24 arithmetical problems and their solutions, is based on the application of fractions;[52][9] it is the earliest such work in Armenian. Many of its problems allude to real-world situations: six connect to the princely house of Shirak, the Kamsarakans,[8] and at least three to Iran.[10] Greenwood calls the problems "a rich source for seventh-century history whose value has not been sufficiently recognized."[61]

The third work, probably an appendix of the book of arithmetic, is titled Xraxc'anakank (Խրախճանականք), literally "things for festive occasions". It has been translated into English as Mathematical Pastimes,[60] Fun with Arithmetic or Problems for Amusement. It also contains 24 problems "intended for mathematical entertainment in social gatherings."[52] According to Mathews this may be the oldest extant text of its kind.[9]

For his mathematical works, Anania developed a unique numerical notation based on 12 letters of the Armenian alphabet. For the units, he used the first nine letters of the Armenian script (Ա, Բ, Գ, Դ, Ե, Զ, Է, Ը, Թ), similar to the standard traditional Armenian numerical system. The letters used for 10, 100, and 1000 were also identical to the traditional Armenian system (Ժ, Ճ, Ռ), but all other numbers up to 10,000 were written using these 12 letters. For instance, 50 would be written ԵԺ (5×10) and not Ծ as in the standard system. Thus, the notation is multiplicative-additive as opposed to the ciphered-additive standard system and requires knowing 12 letters, instead of 36, to write numbers less than 10,000. Numbers greater than that could be written using multiplicative combinations of just 2 or 3 signs, but using all 36 letters.[62]

Stephen Chrisomalis believes this system was created by Anania since it only occurs in his works and is not found in Greek, Syriac, Hebrew, or any other alphabetic numeral system.[63] Allen Shaw has argued it was just a variant of the Armenian numerals designed specifically for the representation of large numbers.[64] No other writer used it.[63]

A manuscript of Anania's Cosmology.

One of Anania's most significant works is the Cosmology (Տիեզերագիտութիւն, Tiezeragitut’iun).[65] Abrahamian's version is composed of ten chapters, with an introduction titled "In the Fulfillment of a Promise", implying a patron.[66] It covers the sun, the moon, celestial spheres, constellations, the Milky Way, and meteorological changes.[67]

Works used for the parts of the Cosmology include the Bible (mostly the Pentateuch and Psalms) and works by the Church Fathers. Anania cites the work of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory the Illuminator, and Amphiolocus (perhaps, of Iconium).[68] Some chapters of the work, such as "On Clouds" (also called "On the Sky" or "Concerning the Skies"), are largely based on Basil's Hexameron.[69] Anania also repeats the classical Greek notions in the fields of astronomy, physics or meteorology.[70] Pambakian wrote about the significance of the Cosmology:

In conclusion, when viewed as a Byzantine text, the Cosmology's originality may be sought in the way in which pagan and Christian traditions are combined (and often intrinsically intertwined), and much may be learned about the ‘making of science’ in the context of the seventh-century. Within the specific context of Armenian literature, this text deals with many aspects of natural philosophy in unprecedented depth.[71]

Another of Anania's astronomical works, Tables of the Motions of the Moon (Խորանք ընթացիք լուսոյ, xorank‘ ĕnt'ac'ik' lusoy),[60] is based on the works of Meton of Athens and his own observations.[72]

In 667 Anania was invited by Catholicos Anastas I of Akori (r. 661/2–667) to the Armenian Church's central seat at Dvin to establish a fixed calendar of the movable and immovable feasts of the Armenian Church.[6][73] The result was a perpetual calendar based on a 532-year cycle (ՇԼԲ բոլորակ),[4] combining the solar cycle and the lunar cycle since they coincide every 532 years. It was first proposed by Victorius of Aquitaine in 457 and adopted by the Church of Alexandria.[36] Anania's calendar was never implemented by the Armenian Church;[4][6] Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi believes that Anastas's death prevented a church council from ratifying it.[74]

Armenia according to Anania's Geography (Ashkharhatsuyts), based on Suren Eremian

The Ashkharhatsuyts[6] (classical Armenian: Աշխարհացոյց, Ašxarhac'oyc', lit. "showing the world") is an anonymously published world map, believed to have been written sometime between 610 and 636.[75] According to Elizabeth Redgate, it was written "probably shortly before AD 636".[76] Its authorship has been disputed in the modern period; formerly believed to have been the work of Movses Khorenatsi, most scholars now attribute it to Anania.[77] Hewsen calls it "one of the most valuable works to come down to us from Armenian antiquity."[78]

The Armenian Geography—as it is alternatively known—has been especially important for research into the history and geography of Greater Armenia, the Caucasus (Georgia and Caucasian Albania) and the Sasanian Empire,[10] which are all described in detail.[38][78] The territories are described before the Arab invasions and conquests.[16] The information on Armenia is not found elsewhere in historical sources,[9] as it is the only known Armenian geographical work prior to the 13th century.[7]

The Ashkharhatsuyts has survived in long and short recensions.[78] According to the scholarly consensus, the long recension was the original.[79] For the description of Europe, North Africa and Asia (all the known world from Spain to China),[9] it largely uses Greek sources, namely the now lost geography of Pappus of Alexandria (4th century), which in turn, is based on the Geography of Ptolemy (2nd century).[4][10][78] According to Hewsen, it is the "last work based on ancient geographical knowledge written before the Renaissance."[36]

It was one of the earliest secular Armenian works to be published (in 1668 by Voskan Yerevantsi).[80] It has been translated into four languages: English, Latin (both 1736), French (1819), and Russian (1877).[81] In 1877, Kerovbe Patkanian first attributed it to Anania as the most probable author.[82]

Another geographical work of Anania, The Itinerary (Մղոնաչափք, Mghonach'ap'k' or Młonač'ap'k'), may have been a part of the Ashkharhatsuyts. It presents six routes from Dvin, Armenia's capital at that time, to the major settlements in different directions, with distances in miles (մղոն, mghon), referring to the Arabic mile of 1,917.6 metres (6,291 ft), according to Hakob Manandian.[83]

Anania's major chronological work, the Chronicle, listed important events in order of their occurrence.[6] Written between 686 and 690, it is composed of two parts: a universal chronicle, utilizing the lost works of Annianus of Alexandria and the lost Roman imperial sequence from Eusebius's Chronographia, and an ecclesiastical history from a miaphysite perspective, which records the six ecumenical councils.[84]

Another chronological work, known as the Calendar (Tomar), included texts and tables about the calendars of 15 peoples: Armenians, Hebrews, Arabs, Macedonians, Romans, Syrians, Greeks, Egyptians, Ethiopians, Athenians, Bythanians, Cappadocians, Georgians, Caucasian Albanians, and Persians.[85][86] The calendars of the Armenians, Romans, Hebrews, Syrians, Greeks, and Egyptians contain texts, while those of other peoples only have the names of months and their length.[87]

Anania wrote several books on weights and measures. He extensively used the work of Epiphanius of Salamis to present the system of weights used by the Greeks, Jews, and Syrians, and his own knowledge as well as other sources for those of the Armenians and Persians.[88][9]

Anania wrote several works on precious stones,[39] music, and the known languages of the world.[9]

Anania's discourses on Christmas/Epiphany and Easter are discussions on the dates of the two feasts. In the first, he uses a lost work he ascribes to Polycarp of Smyrna and insists that the Armenian custom of celebrating Christmas and the Epiphany on the same date is truer to the holidays' intent than celebrating them separately as is common elsewhere in the Christian world.[39][60]

Anania laid the foundations of the exact sciences in Armenia and greatly influenced many Armenian scholars who came after him.[38][lower-alpha 3] Hovhannes Imastaser (Hovhannes Sarkavag) and other medieval scholars extensively cited and incorporated Anania's works.[50] In a 1037 letter, Grigor Magistros, a scholar from the Pahlavuni noble family, asked Catholicos Petros Getadardz for Anania's manuscripts of his K'nnikon, which were locked up at the catholicosate for centuries.[97][98] Grigor used these as a textbook at his school at the Sanahin Monastery.[99] Anania may had also influenced Byzantine Armenian scholars, such as the 9th century philosopher Leo[100] and the 14th century mathematician and grammarian Nicholas Artabasdos Rhabdas.[101]

Shirakatsi's statue at the Yerevan State University

In the printed age, passing references to Anania were made as early as 1742 by Paghtasar Dpir, but it was not until the latter half of the 19th century that Anania and his work became a subject of scholarly study.[102] In 1877 Armenian linguist and philologist Kerovbe Patkanian published a collection of Anania's works in the original classical Armenian at St Petersburg University.[103] Titled Sundry Studies (Մնացորդք բանից, Mnats'ordk' banits'),[104] it is the first-ever print publication of his works.[38] Galust Ter-Mkrtchian published a number of Anania's works in 1896.[103] Joseph Orbeli, an Armenian member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, published a Russian translation of Anania's Problems and Solutions in 1918.[103]

Systematic study and publication of his works began in the Soviet period.[103] Ashot G. Abrahamian, who began his research at the Matenadaran in the 1930s, first published one of Anania's arithmetical texts in 1939,[103] followed by a complete compilation of Anania's work in 1944.[105]

Abrahamian's work was not received with universal acclaim. One critic objected to his 1944 compilation for attributing disputed works to Anania.[106] Abrahamian and Garegin Petrosian published an updated edition in 1979.[107] Some criticism persisted: Varag Arakelian noted a number of errors in translations from classical Armenian and concluded that a new translation of Anania's works was needed.[108] Another Soviet scholar, Suren T. Eremian, studied the Geography. He insisted on Anania's authorship and published his research in 1963.[109]

The first translation of Anania's work into a European language was done by the British Orientalist Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, who translated into English Anania's On Christmas, in 1896, and On Easter and Anania's autobiography, in 1897.[110][103] Lemerle noted that Conybeare translated Anania's autobiography from a Russian translation, and it contains numerous serious errors.[111] Renewed interest in Anania's work emerged in the West in the 1960s. A French translation of his autobiography appeared in 1964 by Haïg Berbérian.[112] Robert H. Hewsen authored an introductory article on Anania's life and scholarship in 1968.[113]

Greenwood argues that studying Anania and his works "resonated with twentieth-century political beliefs and offered a suitable subject for academic research in ways that works on medieval theology or Biblical exegesis did not. Anania came to be projected as a national hero from the distant Armenian past, linking and affirming past and present identities."[114]

2005 Armenian postage stamp depicting Shirakatsi

Anania is considered by modern scholars as the "father of the exact sciences in Armenia."[115] Modern historians consider him as the greatest scientist of medieval Armenia[116] and, possibly, all Armenian history, up to the 20th century astrophysicist Viktor Ambartsumian.[lower-alpha 4][117] He is widely regarded as the founder of the natural sciences in the country.[42] He was the first classical Armenian scholar to study mathematics and several scientific subjects, such as cosmography and chronology.[118][111] Nicholas Adontz argued that Anania "occupied the same position in Armenian education as Leo [the Mathematician] did in Byzantine education. He was the first to sow the seeds of science among the Armenians."[119] Hacikyan et al. wrote in The Heritage of Armenian Literature:

Shirakatsi was an educator and an organizer of ideas and materials rather than an original thinker. He was often in the forefront of scientific thinking, but at other times he repeated the accepted theories of his time.[38]

Shirakatsi was one of six scholars whose statue was erected in front of the Matenadaran, the museum-institute of Armenian manuscripts in Yerevan, in the 1960s.[120] Another statue was erected in the front yard of the Yerevan State University. A crater on the Moon was named after Shirakatsi in 1979.[lower-alpha 5]

In independent post-Soviet Armenia, Anania Shirakatsi has been commemorated in various ways. In 1993 the Medal of Anania Shirakatsi, a state award, was established, given for "significant activities, inventions, and discoveries in the spheres of economy, engineering, architecture, science, and technology." In 2005 the Central Bank of Armenia issued a commemorative coin, while HayPost issued a stamp dedicated to Anania Shirakatsi.[lower-alpha 6]