Anqa

Anqa (Arabic: عَنْقَاء, romanized: ʿanqāʾ),[1] also spelled 'Anqa' , or Anka, or Anqa Mughrib or Anqa al-Mughrib (Arabic: العَنْقَاء المُغْرِب),[lower-alpha 1] is a large mysterious or fabulous female bird in Arabian mythology. She is said to fly far away and only appear once in ages. However, it is also said that she can be found at "the place of the setting of the sun".[1]

Qazwini's depiction of the anqa in The Wonders of Creation

Etymology and notes

The word ʿanqāʾ is the feminine form of ʾaʿnaq (أعنق) meaning "long-necked" and also "long and thick in the neck". This probably implies that the bird resembles a heron or crane (or other long-necked birds) or simply has a large strong neck like an eagle or falcon (or other raptors) with which she was identified by some.[1] The word muḡrib has a number of meanings signifying "strange, foreign", "distant, remote", "west, sunset", "desolated, unknown" and "white, dawn" and expresses the enigma as well as unreality associated with the creature.

ʿAnqāʾ, however, is also related to ʿanāq (عناق "misfortune, hard affair") and was, along with ʿanqāʾ muḡrib used to mean a calamity.[1] It was so because the bird was said to be originally created with all perfections but became a plague or scourge and was killed.[2][3]

Characteristics

The anqa was described as "very beautiful and colorful with a long neck, human face, four pairs of wings,[lower-alpha 2] and some resemblance with every living being"[lower-alpha 3] and a "whiteness" in its neck.[lower-alpha 4][4] Zakariya al-Qazwini in this cosmological book Aja'ib al-Makhluqat "The Wonders of Creation" comments about the anqa as "the kin of birds that lived alone on Mount Qaf" and "a wise bird with experience gained throughout many ages and gives admonitions and moral advice".[5] Qazwini also says that the bird lives for 1700 years, mating at 500 years of age and that the chick, after the egg breaks, stays inside and only comes out after 125 years.[5]

It is said that Anqa eats nothing except elephants and large fish.[lower-alpha 5]

Identification

The anqa is frequently identified (to the point of becoming synonymous) with the simurgh of Persian mythology along with the Armenian and Byzantine eagles and the Turkic Konrul, also called semrük,[6] probably due to the sphere of influence of the Persian Empire.[7] It is also almost always glossed as a phoenix. In Turkish, the other name for the Konrul as well as a phoenix is zümrüdü anka "the emerald anqa". In modern arabic Anqa is identified as a phoenix or griffin.

See also
  • Simurgh
  • Phoenix
  • Chalkydri, bird hybrid creatures that live near the Sun alongside phoenixes from the Second book of Enoch
  • Roc, another enormous legendary bird of Middle Eastern origin popularized in Arab folklore
  • Anzû, a massive bird divinity or monster in Mesopotamian religion
  • Konrul, also known as Zumrud Anka
  • Ziz, a giant griffin-like bird in Jewish mythology

Bibliography

Notes
  1. (Arabic: مُغْرِب, romanized: Mughrib) is the person who throw people down toward west or during sunset
  2. "و في زمن موسى عليه السلام طائرة اسمها العنقاء لها أربعة أجنحة من كل جانب (.. in the time of Moses the bird named Al-Anqa having a four wings on either sides-->)
  3. "و كانت العنقاء طائرة عظيمة الخلق، لها وجه إنسان، و فيها من كل حيوان شبه (..In it there were numerous birds one of which was the anqa, large in body, having a long neck, and a human face. it has some resemblance with every living being.-->
  4. والعَنْقاءُ: طائِرٌ لم يَبْقَ في أيدي الناس من صِفتها غيرُ اسمِها. ويقالُ بل سُمِّيَتْ به لبياضٍ في عُنقِها كالطَّوق. "Anqa: A bird that people no longer have any information about, but its name. It is said, it was rather named as such, because of some whiteness surrounding its neck as a collar."
  5. "فذهب الله به إلى جزيرة بعض جزائر البحر المحيط تحت خط الاستواء و هي جزيرة لا يصل إليها الناس، و فيها حيوانات كثيرة كالفيل و الكركند و الجاموس و النمر و السباع و جوارح الطير و العنقاء لا تصيد منها لأنهم تحت طاعتها، و إذا أتى بشيء من الصيد يأكل منه و الباقي تأكل منه الحيوانات التي تحت طاعتها، و لا تصيد إلا فيلًا أو سمكًا عظيمًا أو تنينًا (.. And then God took her to one of the islands of the surrounding sea below the equator and it's an unreachable island that has many animals like elephants, lobsters, buffaloes, leopards, predatory and raptors while Anqa doesn't hunt any of them because they are all under Anqa control. However, if Anqa hunts something, Anqa eats it while the rest of the hunt gets eaten by animals under Anqa control. Anqa hunts only elephants, great fishes and tannins.-->

References
  1. Lane, Edward William (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. London: Cosimo Classics. p. 2177. ISBN 9781616408985. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  2. "Phoenix (mythological bird)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  3. Abi Fadel, Marwan. "Honouring the gods in the classical Mediterranean realm and on its fringes - The phoenix in Arab-Muslim sources". hemed.univ-lemans.fr.
  4. Lane, Edward William (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. London: Cosimo Classics. p. 2244. ISBN 9781616408985. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  5. Qazwīnī, Zakarīyā Ibn-Muḥammad al- (1849). Kosmographie: ¬Die Wunder der Schöpfung (in Arabic). Dieterich. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  6. Cirlot, J. E. (2013). A Dictionary of Symbols. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486132662.
  7. "SIMORḠ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
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