Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro

The Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro is a class of driverless electric multiple units and corresponding signaling system. Manufactured by Hitachi Rail Italy (formerly AnsaldoBreda) and Hitachi Rail STS (former name Ansaldo STS) in Italy, it is or will be used on the Copenhagen Metro, Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University, the Brescia Metro, the Thessaloniki Metro, Line 5 and Line 4 of the Milan Metro, Line C of the Rome Metro, the Honolulu Skyline system, and the Yellow Line of the Taipei Metro. The first system to use this class of driverless electric multiple units was the Copenhagen Metro which was opened in 2002.

Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro
A Copenhagen Metro train
In service2002–present
ManufacturerHitachi Rail Italy (formerly AnsaldoBreda)
Constructed2001–present
Number built255 (as of 2019)
Formation2–6 cars
Specifications
Width
  • 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in)
  • 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in)
  • 3.048 m (10 ft)
Height3.4–3.85 m (11.2–12.6 ft)
Maximum speed80–105 km/h (50–65 mph)
Electric system(s)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge

The rolling stock consists of two[1] to six articulated cars which operate on standard gauge. Each car has a power output of 210 or 256 kilowatts (282 or 343 hp), fed from a 750 V DC third rail (except in Rome where it is 1,500 V DC overhead line). The systems are fully automated, consisting of automatic train protection (ATP), automatic train operation (ATO) and automatic train supervision.

Rolling stock
Interior of a Copenhagen Metro unit

The rolling stock uses standardized car bodies, articulated together. The number of cars varies across the different systems where they are used. The trains used on the Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University system are 2-car units. For the other systems, the units vary between three and six cars, making the trains from 39 to 109 m (127 ft 11+3⁄8 in to 357 ft 7+3⁄8 in) long. They are 2.65 m (8 ft 8+3⁄8 in) wide, except the Rome Metro units which are 2.85 meters (9 ft 4+1⁄4 in) wide, and the Honolulu Skyline units which are 10 ft (3,048 mm) wide to comply with Federal Railroad Administration regulations. The units vary from 3.4 to 3.85 m (11 ft 1+7⁄8 in to 12 ft 7+5⁄8 in) tall. Each car has two doors on each side, which are 1.3 m (4 ft 3+1⁄8 in) wide and 1.945 m (6 ft 4+5⁄8 in) tall.[2] The vehicles are designed by Giugiaro Design.[3]

The three and four-car trains have six three-phase asynchronous motors per train, with each motor giving a power output of 105 and 128 kW (141 and 172 hp), giving each train a power output of 630 or 764 kW (845 or 1,025 hp). In each car, the two motors are fed by the car's own insulated-gate bipolar transistor. The trains are powered by 750 V bottom contact third rail in most applications, although in Honolulu the same voltage is used but the third rail instead top contact, while Rome uses 1500 V overhead wires. The trains' top speeds are 80 to 105 km/h (50 to 65 mph), with an acceleration and deceleration capacity of 1.3 m/s2 (4.3 ft/s2). Trains are fully compatible with platform screen doors, which are found at all stations in Brescia, Rome and Milan, Copenhagen, Honolulu, and Thessaloniki.[2][4][5][6]

System Classification Line Opening date Trains Cars Length Width Power Speed
Brescia Series 100—201318339 1282.65 8.7630 84080 50
Copenhagen A/B 01-34M1 and M2200234339 1282.65 8.7630 84090 56
M3 and M4201930339 1282.65 8.7630 84090 56
Honolulu Skyline202320478.2 2573.05 10.0——105 65
Milan Series 4400 Line 4202247450.9 1672.65 8.7630 84080 50
Series 5500 Line 5201321450.5 1662.65 8.7630 84080 50
Rome Series MC V00Line C2014306109.4 3592.85 9.4——90 56
New Taipei[7][8] EMU101Circular line202017468.43 224.52.65 8.71,632 2,18980 50
Sanying line2025292————————
Thessaloniki —202333451 1672.65 8.7764 1,02590 56

Automation

The systems are controlled by a fully automated computer system, located at the control and maintenance center. The automatic train control (ATC) consists of three subsystems: automatic train protection (ATP), automatic train operation (ATO) and automatic train supervision (ATS). The ATP is responsible for managing the trains' speed, ensuring that doors are closed before departure and that switches are correctly set. The system uses fixed block signaling, except around stations, where moving block signaling is used.[9][5] The system has been designed and built by Union Switch & Signal.[10]

The control room of the Copenhagen Metro

The ATO is the autopilot that drives the trains in line with a pre-defined schedule, ensures that the train stop at stations and operates the doors. The ATS monitors all components of the network, including the rails and all trains on the system, and displays a live schematic at the control center. The ATC is designed so that only the ATP is safety-critical, and will halt trains if the other systems have faults. Other aspects of the system, such a power supply, ventilation, security alarms, cameras and pumps, are controlled by a system called "control, regulating and surveillance".[9]

The most common repairs are the grinding of the wheels; more complicated repairs are made by replacing entire components that are sent to the manufacturer. By having components in reserve, trains can have shorter maintenance times. The center also has the system's work trains, including a diesel locomotive that can fetch broken trains.[9] At any time, there are four people working at the control center. Two monitor the ATC system, one monitors passenger information, while the last is responsible for secondary systems, such as power supply. In case of technical problems, there is always a team of technicians who can be sent to perform repairs. Although the trains are not equipped with drivers, there are stewards that help passengers, perform ticket controls and assist in emergency situations.[9]

Operators
Brescia Metro unit

Brescia
Main article: Brescia Metro

The Brescia Metro is a system which opened in March 2013 in Brescia, Italy. The 18 km (11.2 mi) system was built in three stages and has 17 stations. The system features a 90-second headway. ASM Brescia ordered 18 trains which are now being used on the Metro.[11][12]

Copenhagen
Main article: Copenhagen Metro

The Copenhagen Metro, Denmark, consists of four lines, M1, M2, M3 and M4 that run 35.9 kilometers (22.3 mi) serving 37 stations. The system opened in 2002 and was expanded in 2019 with further expansion being planned and evaluated. The first lines connects the city center to the areas of Frederiksberg and Amager, and Copenhagen Airport. The next extension, the City Circle Line opened on 29 September 2019. Metroselskabet took delivery of 34 three-car units between 2002 and 2007, and operates with a headway of between two and twenty minutes, including an all-night service.[4][9] In April 2008, the Copenhagen Metro won the award at MetroRail 2008 for the world's best metro.[13]

Honolulu
Main article: Skyline (Honolulu)

Skyline is a 10.8 mi (17.4 km) elevated rail line, planned to extend to 18.9 mi (30.4 km), which will connect the city of Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu in Hawaiʻi with outlying suburbs.[14] The first section of the line opened on June 30, 2023, with the entire 19-station route to be completed by 2031.[15]

Lima
Main article: Lima Metro

The Line 2 of Lima Metro and a branch of Line 4, which will connect the city of east to west in the first case and the portion of line 4 linking the Jorge Chavez International Airport with the line 2, is currently under construction. The line will be built in two phases, the first of which is scheduled to open in 2017 and the second in 2020. The total of the 2 lines will cost US$5,346,000.[16]

Milan
Milan Metro M5 Train
Main articles: Milan Metro Line 5 and Milan Metro Line 4

The Milan Metro's Line 5 first section between Bignami and the interconnection with M3 at Zara opened on 10 February 2013. The second stage opened on 1 March 2014, and runs from Zara to Porta Garibaldi station. The third opened in 2015, and runs from Garibaldi to San Siro stadium. The fourth section will run from Bignami to Monza, and it is planned to open by 2027.[17] The first stage of 5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi) was estimated to cost €500 million.[18][19]

Milan Metro's fourth line is currently under construction and will run from Linate Airport to San Cristoforo. It will be 15 km (9.3 mi) long with 21 stations.[20] The first section, running from Linate to Dateo, opened on 26 November 2022, while the completion of the line is expected to be in 2024.[21]

Riyadh
Main article: Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University § Transportation

An 11·5 km metro serving the Princess Nora Bint Abdulrahman University on the outskirts of Riyadh opened in 2012.[1]

Rome
Main article: Line C (Rome Metro)

Rome Metro's Line C is 25.5 km (15.8 mi) long, of which 17.6 km (10.9 mi) are underground. Metropolitana di Roma has ordered thirty six-car units, which are 20 centimeters (7.9 in) wider than the other systems' vehicles, and capable of carrying 1,200 passengers per train. Average speed on the system is 35 km/h (21.7 mph), with the headway varying from three to twelve minutes.[22]

Taipei
Main article: Circular line (Taipei Metro)

The Yellow Line or Circular Line of the Taipei Metro, Taiwan, will serve as a cross-link between existing lines. The 49 km (30.4 mi) system will feature 42 or 41 stations. The 15.4 km (9.6 mi) phase 1 has 14 stations and was completed in January 2020.[23] The Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation purchased 17 trains for this phase.[24][25]

Thessaloniki
Interior of a Thessaloniki Metro unit.
Main article: Thessaloniki Metro

Construction on Greece's second metro system began in 2006 and is scheduled to open in phases from 2023,[26] at a cost of €1.57 billion ($1.77 billion).[27] The 14.28 km (8.87 mi) system will feature 18 stations in 2021.[6] 33 driverless AnsaldoBreda units will be put to operation on the two lines.[28] Those will be articulated in 4 sections with a capacity of 466 passengers (96 seated and 370 standing).[29]

References
  1. Andy Hellawell (21 August 2012). "Princess Nora Bint Abdul Rahman University driverless metro opens". Railway Gazette International.
  2. AnsaldoBreda. "Driverless metros" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  3. "Copenhagen Metro". Arcspace. Archived from the original on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  4. Haas, Torkil (2002). "En mini-metro med maksimal virkning" (PDF). Jernbanen (in Danish) (2): 52–53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19.
  5. "Treni driverless" (in Italian). Rome Metro. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  6. Attiko Metro S.A. "Ιστορικό" [History]. www.ametro.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  7. "Sanying Line turnkey contract awarded". Railway Gazette International. 2016-06-21. Archived from the original on 2017-11-25. Retrieved 2019-06-30.
  8. "New Taipei showcases updated safety features of new Sanying Line trains". Focus Taiwan. CNA. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  9. Jensen, Tommy O. (2002). "Bag om metroen" (PDF). Jernbanen (in Danish) (5): 32–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19.
  10. "Union Switch and Signal". Find Articles. March 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  11. "Brescia To Build Automated Metro". International Railway Journal. June 2000. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  12. "Ansaldobreda unveiled the first of 18 metro trains for the first metro line in the Italian city of Brescia". International Railway Journal. July 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  13. de Laine, Thomas (2 April 2008). "København har verdens bedste metro". Myldretid (in Danish). Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  14. Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation. "Route Map". Retrieved July 1, 2023.
  15. "Marking 'historic' milestone, scores line up on opening day to ride Honolulu's long-awaited rail". Hawaii News Now. June 30, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
  16. "Metro Line 2 will operate with driverless trains and will be 100 % automated". Andina (in Spanish). 28 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  17. "Cinisello, approvata collocazione della fermata della M5 in via Lincoln". 11 June 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2021."Stazione e duomo, nuove fermate per la linea 5 del metrò a Monza". 19 October 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  18. "Milan Metro". Railway Age. March 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  19. "500 million [euro] Italian metro deal". International Railway Journal. April 2006. Archived from the original on 2016-01-10. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  20. "Linea 4". www.metropolitanamilanese.it. Metropolitana Milanese. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  21. "Milan's fifth metro line: the M4!". Urban Transport Magazine. 26 November 2022.
  22. "Apertura Linea C, già 2 anni di ritardo". February 13, 2013.
  23. Lee Hsin-Yin (16 January 2020). "First section of MRT Circular Line gets approval to begin operations". Focus Taiwan CNA English News. Central News Agency (Republic of China). Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  24. "Ansaldo secures Taipei contract". Find Articles. April 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  25. 臺北捷運 [Taipei MRT], Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation, 2009
  26. "Τον Απρίλιο του 2023 έτοιμο το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης | Kathimerini". www.kathimerini.gr. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  27. Attiko Metro S.A. "Funding". www.ametro.gr. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  28. Technical Description (PDF), Attiko Metro S.A., 1 December 2014
  29. Salonicco. Hitachi Rail Italy. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
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