List of Antarctic expeditions

Terra Australis
Terra Australis
	Terra Australis is the large continent on the bottom of this 1570 map

This list of Antarctic expeditions is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica. Although the existence of a southern continent had been hypothesized as early as the writings of Ptolemy in the 1st century AD, the South Pole was not reached until 1911.

Pre-exploration theories

600 BC – 300 BC – Greek Philosophers theorize Spherical Earth with North and South Polar regions.
150 AD – Ptolemy published Geographia, which notes Terra Australis Incognita.

Pre-19th century

7th century – Ui-te-Rangiora is claimed to have sighted southern ice fields.
13th century – Polynesians settle Auckland Islands (50° S)[1][2][3][4]
1501–1502 – Gonçalo Coelho and Amerigo Vespucci potentially sail to (52° S)
1522 – Juan Sebastián de El Cano – first circumnavigation Fernando de Magallanes discovers Strait of Magellan (54° S)
1526 – Francisco de Hoces reportedly blown south from Strait of Magellan to (56° S). He discovers the Drake passage or Mar de Hoces.
1578 – Francis Drake claims to have discovered an ocean south of South America and "Elizabeth Island" (57° S)[5]
1599 – Dirk Gerritsz – potentially sails to (64° S)
1603 – Gabriel de Castilla – potentially sails to (64° S)
1615 – Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten first to sail around Cape Horn cross (56° S)
1619 – Garcia de Nodal expedition – circumnavigate Tierra del Fuego and discover Diego Ramírez Islands (56°30′S 68°43′W)
1643 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia – northerly winds push the expedition as far south as 61°59 S where icebergs were abundant.[6] The expedition disproves beliefs that Isla de los Estados was part of Terra Australis.[6][7][8]
1675 – Anthony de la Roché discovers South Georgia (54°15′00″S 36°45′00″W), the first ever land discovered south of the Antarctic Convergence
1698–1699 – Edmond Halley sails to (52° S)[9]
1720 – George Shelvocke – sails to (61° 30′ S)
1739 – Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier – discovers Bouvet Island (54°26′S 3°24′E)
1771 – James Cook – HM Bark Endeavour expedition
1771–1772 – Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers Kerguelen Islands (49°15′S 69°35′E)
1772–1775 – James Cook – sails HMS Resolution crossing Antarctic Circle in January 1773 and December 1773. On 30 January 1774 he reaches 71° 10′ S, his Farthest South, coming within about 120 kilometres (75 mi) of the Antarctic mainland without seeing it.

19th century

Expeditions in Antarctica before the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, 1897

1780s to 1839 – American and British whalers and sealers make incidental discoveries.
1819 – William Smith discovers South Shetland Islands (62°00′S 58°00′W), the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude.
1819 – San Telmo is wrecked in the Drake Passage off Livingston Island.
1819–1821 – Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, future Admirals of Russian Imperial Navy, during Russian circumnavigation expedition, on 27 January 1820 were stopped by impassable ice in 95 km (50 nmi) of Princess Martha Coast that later became known as the floating fragments of Fimbul Ice Shelf (69°21′S 2°15′W). Bellingshausen and Lazarev became the first explorers to see and officially discover Alexander Island and Peter I Island in Antarctica in 21–28 January 1821.
1820 – Edward Bransfield with William Smith as his pilot – on 30 January 1820, sight Trinity Peninsula (63°37′S 58°20′W).
1820 – Nathaniel Palmer sights Antarctica on 17 November 1820
1821 – George Powell, a British sealer, and Nathaniel B. Palmer, an American sealer, discover the South Orkney Islands. Powell annexes them for the British.
1821 – John Davis – on 7 February 1821 disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at Hughes Bay (64°13′S 61°20′W)
1823–1824 – James Weddell discovers the Weddell Sea; – on 20 February 1823 his ship Jane (160 tons) reached a new Farthest South of 74° 15′ S (74°15′S 30°12′W)
1830–1833 – Southern Ocean Expedition led by John Biscoe, an English sealer; circumnavigates the continent, sets foot on Anvers Island, names and annexes Graham Land, discovers Biscoe Islands, Queen Adelaide Island (67°15′S 68°30′W) and sights Enderby Land (67°30′S 53°0′E)
1837–1840 – First French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jules Dumont d'Urville; discovers Adelie Land and sets foot on an islet of Géologie Archipelago (66°36′S 140°4′E) 4 km from the mainland to take mineral and animal samples (66° S)
1838–1839 – John Balleny discovers Balleny Islands (66°55′S 163°45′E)
1838–1842 – United States Exploring Expedition – led by Charles Wilkes to Antarctic Peninsula (69°30′S 65°00′W) and eastern Antarctica; discovers "Termination Barrier" ("Shackleton Ice Shelf")
1839–1843 – James Clark Ross's expedition of 1839 to 1843 discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Sea, Mount Erebus, Mount Terror and Victoria Land; extended his Farthest South to 78° 10′ S on 23 January 1842
1851–1853 – Mercator Cooper landed on what is now known as Oates Coast in what is probably the first adequately documented landing on the mainland of Antarctica.
1872–1876 – HMS Challenger under Capt. George S. Nares, becomes the first steamship to cross the Antarctic Circle; reopens the study of oceanography in the region after a 30-year gap.[10]
1892–1893 – Carl Anton Larsen led the first Norwegian expedition to Antarctica aboard the ship Jason. Larsen became the first person to ski in Antarctica where the Larsen Ice Shelf was named after him.
1892–1893 – Dundee Whaling Expedition discover Dundee Island (63°30′S 55°55′W)
1893–1894 – Carl Anton Larsen led the second Norwegian expedition to Antarctica
1893–1895 – Henryk Bull, Carstens Borchgrevink and Alexander von Tunzelmann – set foot on Antarctica at Cape Adare
1897–1899 – Belgian Antarctic Expedition – led by Adrien de Gerlache; first to winter South of the Antarctic Circle.
1898–1900 – Southern Cross Expedition, Carsten Borchgrevink – sails to Cape Adare, winters on Antarctica and takes Farthest South on 16 February 1900 at 78° 50′ S

20th century

1901–1904 – Discovery Expedition – led by Robert Falcon Scott, on 30 December 1903, reached (82° 17′S)
1902 - First ballon flight over Antarctica by Robert Falcon Scott [11]
1901–1903 – Gauss expedition (or First German Antarctic Expedition) – led by Erich von Drygalski
1901–1903 – Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by Otto Nordenskjöld with captain Carl Anton Larsen
1902–1904 – Scottish National Antarctic Expedition – led by William Speirs Bruce
1903–1905 – Second French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
1907–1909 – Nimrod Expedition – On 9 January 1909, Ernest Shackleton reached 88° 23 ′S (Farthest South), and on 16 January 1909, Professor Edgeworth David reached the South Magnetic Pole at (72°25′S 155°16′E) (mean position)
1908–1910 – Third French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
1910–1912 – Japanese Antarctic Expedition – led by Nobu Shirase
1910–1912 – Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition – On 14 December 1911, reached the South Pole (90° S)
1910–1913 – Terra Nova Expedition – On 17 January 1912, Robert Falcon Scott, reached the South Pole (90° S)
1911–1913 – Second German Antarctic Expedition – led by Wilhelm Filchner
1911–1914 – Australasian Antarctic Expedition – led by Douglas Mawson
1914–1916 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
1914–1917 – Ross Sea Party – led by Aeneas Mackintosh
1920–1922 – British Graham Land Expedition – a British expedition to Graham Land led by John Lachlan Cope
1921–1922 – Shackleton-Rowett Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton – the last expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
1924–1951 – Discovery Investigations
1928 - First aeroplane flight over Antarctica by Hubert Wilkins and Carl Ben Eielson [11]
1929–1931 – British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) – led by Douglas Mawson
1928–1930 – Richard Evelyn Byrd – First expedition
1931 – H. Halvorsen – discovered Princess Astrid Coast
1931 – Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen – flew over Antarctica, discovered Kronprins Olav Kyst
1933–1935 – Richard Evelyn Byrd – Second expedition
1933–1939 – Lincoln Ellsworth – Aircraft expedition
1934–1937 – British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) – led by John Riddoch Rymill
1936 – Lars Christensen – dropped Norwegian flag over Prince Harald Coast
1938 – German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939), (New Swabia claimed for Nazi Germany) – led by Capt. Alfred Ritscher
1939–1941 – United States Antarctic Service Expedition – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's third expedition)
1943–1945 – Operation Tabarin – led by Lieutenant James Marr
1946–1947 – Operation Highjump – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's fourth expedition)
1947 – First Chilean Antarctic Expedition
1947–1948 – Operation Windmill – led by Commander Gerald Ketchum
1947–1948 – Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition – led by Finn Ronne
1948–1949 – Fourth French Antarctic Expedition (ship Commandant Charcot) – led by André-Frank Liotard
1949–1951 – Fifth French Antarctic Expedition : Port Martin Station established in Adélie Land – led by André-Frank Liotard
1949–1952 – Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by John Giaever
1950–1952 – Sixth French Antarctic Expedition – led by Michel Barré
1951-1953 – Seventh French Antarctic Expedition : Petrel Island Station established in Adélie Land – led by Mario Marret
1953 – Esperanza Base established
1954 – Mawson Station established
1955–1956 – Operation Deep Freeze – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's fifth expedition)
1955–1957 – Falkland Island Dependency Aerial Survey led by P G Mott
1955–1957 – 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov
1956 – Dumont d'Urville Station established
1956 – Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station established
1956 - McMurdo Station established
1956–1958 – Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Vivian Fuchs
1956–1958 – 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksei Treshnikov
1957–1958 – International Geophysical Year
1957–1958 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
1957 – Scott Base established
1957–1958 – Luncke Expedition
1957–1959 – 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Tolstikov
1958–1959 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
1958–1960 – 4th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksandr Dralkin
1959–1961 – 5th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Korotkevich
1960 – South African National Antarctic Expedition
1960–1962 – 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Driatsky
1961–1963 – 7th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksandr Dralkin
1962–1962 – Vostok traverse – led by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE)
1962–1963 – New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition – Led by John M. Millen
1962–1964 – 8th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov
1963–1965 – 9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov and Pavel Senko
1964–1965 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse I
1964–1966 – 10th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by M. Ostrekin, I. Petrov
1965–1966 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse II
1965–1967 – 11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, Leonid Dubrovin
1965–1965 – Operación 90 – Terrestrial Argentine Expedition to the South Pole Led by Coronel D. Jorge Leal.
1966–1968 – 12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
1966–1967 – New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme Mariner Glacier Northern Party Expedition – led by John E S Lawrence
1967–1968 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse III
1967–1969 – 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksei Treshnikov
1968–1970 – 14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, Ernst Krenkel
1969 – Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva established
1969–1970 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
1969–1971 – 15th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
1970–1972 – 16th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by I. Petrov and Yury Tarbeyev
1971–1973 – 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Korotkevich, V. Averyanov
1972–1974 – 18th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko
1973–1975 – 19th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, V. Ignatov
1974–1976 – 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, N. Kornilov
1975–1977 – 21st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by O. Sedov, G. Bardin
1976–1978 – 22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, Leonid Dubrovin
1977–1979 – 23rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, O. Sedov
1978 – Fortín Sargento Cabral established
1978–1980 – 24th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by A. Artemyev, O. Sedov
1979 – Air New Zealand Flight 901 – airplane crash
1979–1980 – 25th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Kornilov, N. Tyabin
1980–1981 – Transglobe Expedition – led by Ranulph Fiennes
1980–1982 – 26th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, V. Shamontyev
1981–1983 – 27th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, R. Galkin
1981–1982 – First Indian Expedition to Antarctica – led by Dr. Sayed Zahoor Qasim
1982 – Falkland Islands War
1982–1983 – First Brazilian Expedition to Antarctica –
1982–1983 – Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica – led by V. K. Raina
1982–1984 – 28th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Kornilov, A. Artemyev
1984 – Villa Las Estrellas established
1983–1985 – 29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, L. Bulatov
1983–1985 – Third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
1984–1987 – In the Footsteps of Scott – led by Robert Swan
1984–1985 – 1st Uruguayan Antarctic Expedition – Antarkos I Led by Lt. Col. Omar Porciúncula
1984–1986 – 30th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, R. Galkin
1985–1987 – 31st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, V. Dubovtsev
1986–1988 – 32nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Klokov, V. Vovk
1987 – Iceberg B-9 calves and carries away Little Americas I – III
1987–1989 – 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N.A. Kornilov, Yu.A. Khabarov
1987–1988 – First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition – St. Kliment Ohridski Base established
1988–1990 – 34th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by S.M. Pryamikov, L.V. Bulatov
1988–1989 – South Pole Overland. Patriot Hills to South Pole. First commercial Ski expedition to South Pole. 1200 km, 50 days – led by Martyn Williams[12]
1989–1990 – Antarctic crossing on foot by Reinhold Messner and Arved Fuchs. 2800 km. 92 days[13]
1989–1990 – 1990 International Trans-Antarctica Expedition – led by American Will Steger and Frenchman Jean-Louis Étienne, first un-mechanized crossing – 6,021 km, 220-days[14]
1989–1991 – 35th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V.M. Piguzov
1990 – 1st North Korean Antarctic Expedition[15]
1990 – Snotsicle Traverse Ski expedition – South Pole to Ross Sea inland edge via Scott Glacier. 9 611 km in 35 days– led by Martyn Williams[16]
1990–1991 – 2nd North Korean Antarctic Expedition[15]
1991–1992 – 36th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Lev Savatyugin
1992–1993 – American Women's Antarctic Expedition- AWE. First team of women to ski to the South Pole: Ann Bancroft, Sunniva Sorby, Anne DalVera, Sue Giller- 67 days
1992–1993 – British Polar Plod – led by Ranulph Fiennes with Mike Stroud (physician), first unassisted expedition crossing the continent by ski, (2,173 km in 95 days)
1992–1993 – Erling Kagge (Norway), first unassisted, and first solo expedition to the South Pole by ski, (1,310 km in 53 days)
1992–1993 – Antarctic Environmental Research Expedition – led by Kenji Yoshikawa
1994 – Liv Arnesen (Norway), first unassisted woman to the South Pole by ski, (1,200 km in 50 days)
1994 – Cato Zahl Pedersen (Norway) becomes the first person with no arms to ski to the South Pole (1400 km from Berkner Island), together with Lars Ebbesen and Odd Harald Hauge
1995 – "A Pole at the Poles" – Marek Kamiński solo expedition to the South Pole from Berkner Island (1,400 km in 53 days);
1995–1996 – Bernard Voyer and Thierry Pétry unassisted expedition to the South Pole by ski
1996 – Lake Vostok discovered
1996–1997 – "Solo TransAntarctica" – Marek Kamiński attempted solo crossing of Antarctica (1,450 km);
1996–1997 – Børge Ousland (Norway) first person to travel across Antarctica solo. The crossing went from coast to coast, from Berkner Island to the Ross Sea, and was unsupported (without resupplies). He used a kite as traction for parts of the expedition. 63 days, 3,000 km
1997–1998 – Peter Treseder, Keith Williams & Ian Brown become the first Australians to ski unsupported (no sail) to the South Geographic Pole, 1317 km in 59 days from Berkner Island, 2Nov-31Dec, flown out by ANI.[17]
1998–1999 – Eric Philips, Jon Muir and Peter Hillary pioneer a new route from Ross Island to the South Pole through the Transantarctic Mountains via the Shackleton then Zaneveld glaciers. The expedition covers 1425 km in 84 days setting off 4 November 1998 and arriving 26 January 1999. The team were not able to complete their original objective of completing the first unassisted return journey to the South Pole.

21st century

2000–2001– Norwegian Liv Arnesen and the American Ann Bancroft crossed Antarctica on ski-sail from Blue 1 Runaway 13 November reaching after 94 days of expedition McMurdo Station, passing through the South Pole.[18]
2001–2002 – First and longest sea kayak expedition by New Zealanders Graham Charles, Marcus Waters and Mark Jones paddle unsupported from Hope Bay to Adelaide Island in 35 days.
2004 – Scot100 First ever Scottish Expedition to South Pole[19] began in October 2004 – a century after a historic expedition led by William Speirs Bruce, Edinburgh's "unknown" explorer, who Craig Mathieson views as "truly the greatest polar explorer of all time".
2004 – Together to the Pole – a Polish four-man expedition led by Marek Kamiński, with Jan Mela (a teenage double amputee, who in the same year reached also the North Pole)
2004–2005 – Chilean South Pole Expedition.
2004–2005 – Tangra 2004/05 created Camp Academia.
2005 – Ice Challenger Expedition travelled to the South Pole in a six-wheeled vehicle.[20]
2005–2006 – Spanish Trans-Antarctic Expedition, led by Ramon Larramendi, reached the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility using kite-sleds.[21]
2005-2006 – Construction of the South Pole Traverse completed
2006 – Hannah McKeand sets coast-to-pole solo/unsupported record of 39 days, 9 hours and 33 minutes[22]
2006–2007 – Jenny and Ray Jardine 57-day ski trek to South Pole[23]
2007 – Pat Falvey leads an Irish team to reach the South Pole, skiing 1140 km only weeks after completing an unsupported Ski traverse of the Greenland Ice Cap in August 2007 in honour of Irish Polar Explorers such as Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. Clare O'Leary becomes the first Irish female to reach the South Pole.
2007-2008 - First African unsupported and unassisted walk to the South Pole. South Africans Alex Harris and Sibusiso Vilane spent 65 days walking from Hercules Inlet.
2007–2008 – Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica.[24]
2007–2008 – British Army Antarctic Expedition 2007–2008[25]
2007–2008 – Verden Vakreste Skitur. Randi Skaug, Kristin Moe-Krohn and Anne-Mette Nørregaard skied unsupported from Patriot Hills across The Sentinel range to Vinson Massif to climb Mount Vinson[26]
2008 – Todd Carmichael sets coast-to-pole solo/unsupported record of 39 days, 7 hours and 49 minutes[27]
2008 – First Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2008–2009 – The Antarctica Challenge – Canada-US International Polar Year documentary film production expedition led by Mark Terry.[28]
2008–2009 – Impossible 2 Possible (i2P) unsupported South Pole quest by Ray Zahab, Kevin Vallely and Richard Weber.[29]
2009 – Azerbaijan Scientific Expedition
2009 – Kaspersky Commonwealth Antarctic Expedition, largest and most international group of women to ski to South Pole.
2009 – Second Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2009–2010 – Unsupported/Unassisted Antarctica Ski Traverse from Berkner Island to South Pole to Ross Sea by Cecilie Skog and Ryan Waters.
2010 – Moon Regan Transantarctic Crossing, first wheeled transantarctic crossing and first bio-fuelled vehicle to travel to the South Pole.[30]
2010 – Third Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2011 – Fourth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2011–2012 – From Novolazarevskaya to Pole of Inaccessibility to South Pole to Hercules inlet by Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair Landry by kites and skis.[31]
2011–2012 – Scott Amundsen Centenary Race – Henry Worsley and Louis Rudd ski 1,300 km (800 mi) unsupported along the original route of Amundsen from the Bay of Whales up the Axel Heiberg to the SP racing against Mark Langridge, Vic Vicary and Kev Johnson completing Capt Scott's original route.
2011–2012 – British Services Antarctic Expedition 2012[32]
2011–2012 – Expedition by Ramon Hernando de Larramendi, by Inuit WindSled.[33]
2012 – Felicity Aston becomes the first person to ski alone across Antarctica using only personal muscle power, as well as the first woman to cross Antarctica alone.[34][35] Her journey began on 25 November 2011, at the Leverett Glacier, and continued for 59 days and a distance of 1,744 km (1,084 mi).[36]
2012 – Fifth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2012–2013 – Aaron Linsdau becomes the second American to ski solo from the Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His original plan was to make a round trip but through a series of problems, like all other expeditions this year, was unable to make the return journey.[37]
2012 – Eric Larsen attempts a bicycle ride from coast to South Pole. Completes a quarter of the distance.
2012 – Grant Korgan becomes the first person with a spinal cord injury to literally "push" himself to the geographic South Pole![38][39][40][41][42]
2012–2013 – Shackleton's centenary re-enactment expedition of the journey of the James Caird aboard the replica Alexandra Shackleton. Six British and Australian Explorers completed the "double journey" on 10 February 2013 after the 1,300-kilometre (800 mi) journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia and the mountain crossing.[43]
2013 – Sixth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2013–2014 – Ben Saunders and Tarka L'Herpiniere make the first ever completion of the Terra Nova Expedition first taken by Robert Falcon Scott in January 1912. Their 2,898-kilometre (1,801 mi), 105-day return journey to the South Pole is the longest ever polar journey on foot.[44]
2013 – Parker Liautaud and Douglas Stoup attempt in December 2013 the Willis Resilience Expedition[45] to set a "coast to Pole" speed record[46] by reaching the geographical South Pole on skis in the fastest journey ever recorded from an interior of continent start while being followed by a support vehicle.
2013 – Antony Jinman will walk to the South Pole solo for the 2013 ETE Teachers South Pole Mission, during which he will be in daily contact with schoolchildren from across the United Kingdom and will make films using the world's first drone flights at the South Pole.
2013 – Maria Leijerstam becomes the first person to cycle from the Antarctic coast to South Pole. She also set the human powered speed record in 10 days, 14 hours and 56 minutes.
2013–2014 – Lewis Clarke (aged 16 years and 61 days) guided by Carl Alvey (aged 30) became the youngest person to trek from the Antarctic coast at Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His expedition was in support of the Prince's Trust and his achievement is recognised by Guinness World Records.
2013–2014 – Married couple Christine (Chris) Fagan and Marty Fagan became the first American married couple (and second married couple in history) to complete a full unguided, unsupported, unassisted ski from the Antarctic coast to the South Pole. They join just over 100 people in history who have traveled to the South Pole in this manner. Their expedition took 48 days. Their achievement is recognized by Guinness World Records.
2013–2014 – Daniel P. Burton completes the first bicycle ride from coast to the South Pole.
2013–2014 – Chris Turney led an expedition, entitled "Spirit of Mawson", aimed at highlighting the decline in sea ice due to climate change. The expedition was abandoned when its Russian ship became stuck in unusually large amounts of sea ice.
2013 – In December 2013 the Expeditions 7 Team led by Scott Brady made a successful east-to-west crossing in four-wheel drive vehicles from Novolazarevskaya to the Ross Ice Shelf via the Scott-Amundsen South Pole Station. Expeditions 7's logistic plan included providing assistance to the Walking With The Wounded expedition, which was required at latitude 88°S. From the Ross Ice Shelf the Expeditions 7 team returned to Novolazarevskaya via the same route.
2015–2016 – Luke Robertson (UK) becomes the first Scot – and the first person with an artificial pacemaker – to ski solo, unsupported (no resupply) and unassisted (no kiting) from the coast of Antarctica (Hercules Inlet) to the South Pole.[47]
2015–2016 – Henry Worsley died while attempting to complete the first solo and unaided crossing of the Antarctic.[48]
2016 – First Homeward Bound expedition, then the largest all-women expedition to Antarctica.[49]
2016–2017 – Malgorzata Wojtaczka – 52 years old Polish, after 69 days completes solo-unaided-unsupported expedition from Hercules Inlet to the South Pole.
2016–2017 – Spear17, a six-man team from the British Army Reserves successfully completed a full traverse of Antarctica. They set off on 16 November from Hercules Inlet, arrived at the South Pole on Christmas Day, and completed a full traverse reaching Ross Ice Shelf on 20 January 2017. The aim of the expedition was to raise the profile of the army reservists, and to honour the memory of fellow explorer Henry Worsley. The team was led by Captain Louis Rudd, MBE[50][51]
2016–2017 – Eric Philips (guide), Keith Tuffley and Rob Smith ski a new route to the South Pole from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Transantarctic Mountains following the Reedy Glacier. The expedition covers 605 km in 33 days setting off 8 December 2017 and arriving 10 January 2017.
2016–2017 – On 7 February Mike Horn completes first ever solo, unsupported north-to-south traverse of Antarctica from the Princess Astrid Coast (lat −70.1015 lon 9.8249) to the Dumont D'urville Station (lat −66.6833 lon 139.9167) via the South Pole. He arrived at the pole on 7 February 2017. A total distance of 5100 km was covered utilizing kites and skis in 57 days.[52]
2016–2017 – Eric Philips (guide), Heath Jamieson (guide), Jade Hameister, Paul Hameister and Ming D'Arcy ski a new route to the South Pole from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Transantarctic Mountains following the Reedy Glacier then Kansas Glacier. The expedition covers 605 km in 33 days, setting off 6 December 2017 and arriving 11 January 2018.
2017–2018 – Astrid Forhold (Norway), supported by Jan Sverre Sivertsen, skies the longest part of the original Roald Amundsen route from Bay of Whales to the South Pole.
2018 – Colin O'Brady (USA) completed an unsupported (no resupplies or supply drops) solo crossing of Antarctica (not including the ice shelves). He started inland at the end of the Ronne Ice Shelf on 3 November 2018, passed through the South Pole and arrived inland at the start of the Ross Ice Shelf on 26 December 2018.[53][54][55] Louis Rudd (UK), who started on the same day as Brady and took a similar route, completed his unsupported solo trek two days later, arriving at Ross Ice Shelf on 28 December 2018[56]
2018–2019 – On 13 January, Matthieu Tordeur (France) becomes the first French and youngest in the world (27 years and 40 days) to ski solo, unsupported (no resupply) and unassisted (no kiting) from the coast of Antarctica (Hercules Inlet) to the South Pole.[57]
2019 – SD 1020, an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) designed by British engineer Richard Jenkins of Saildrone, Inc. in Alameda, CA, completed the first autonomous circumnavigation of Antarctica, sailing 22,000 km (12,000 nmi) through the Southern Ocean in 196 days, from 19 January 2019 to 3 August 2019. The vehicle was deployed and retrieved from Bluff, New Zealand.[58]
2019 – The first human-powered transit (by rowing) across the Drake Passage was accomplished on 25 December 2019, by captain Fiann Paul (Iceland), first mate Colin O'Brady (US), Andrew Towne (US), Cameron Bellamy (South Africa), Jamie Douglas-Hamilton (UK) and John Petersen (US).[59]
2019–2020 – Anja Blacha completes the longest solo, unsupported, unassisted polar expedition by a woman, skiing from Berkner Island to the South Pole[60][61]
2019-2020 Wendy Searle becomes the seventh woman to ski solo unsupported from the Hercules Inlet to the pole [60][62]
2019–2020 – Mollie Hughes skied from Hercules Inlet to the pole, travelling 1,130 km (702 mi).[63]
2021–2022 – Preet Chandi, a British Sikh army officer, became the first woman of colour to reach the south pole unassisted.[64]

Agreements

1959 – Antarctic Treaty System
1964 – Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
1978 – Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
1982 – Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
1988 – Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
1998 – Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

Notes

O'Connor, Tom Polynesians in the Southern Ocean: Occupation of the Auckland Islands in Prehistory in New Zealand Geographic 69 (September–October 2004): 6–8
Anderson, Atholl; O'Regan, Gerard R. (2000). "To the Final Shore: Prehistoric Colonisation of the Subantarctic Islands in South Polynesia". Australian Archaeologist: Collected Papers in Honour of Jim Allen. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 440–454.
Anderson, Atholl, & Gerard R. O'Regan The Polynesian Archaeology of the Subantarctic Islands: An Initial Report on Enderby Island Southern Margins Project Report. Dunedin: Ngai Tahu Development Report, 1999
Anderson, Atholl Subpolar Settlement in South Polynesia Antiquity 79.306 (2005): 791–800
Martinic B., Mateo (2019). "Entre el mito y la realidad. La situación de la misteriosa Isla Elizabeth de Francis Drake" [Between myth and reality. The situation of the mysterious Elizabeth Island of Francis Drake]. Magallania (in Spanish). 47 (1): 5–14. doi:10.4067/S0718-22442019000100005. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
Barros Arana, Diego. "Capítulo XI". Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 280.
Lane, Kris E. (1998). Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-76560-256-5.
Kock, Robbert. "Dutch in Chile". Colonial Voyage.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
Clerke, Agnes Mary (1911). "Halley, Edmund" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 856.
McGonigal, David (2009). Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent. Frances Lincoln. pp. 288–289. ISBN 978-0-7112-2980-8.
"Antarctic Aerial Exploration".
"First NGA ski trip to Pole from Hercules Inlet".
"Antarctica".
Steger, Will; Bowermaster, Jon (2 March 2010). Crossing Antarctica. ISBN 978-0897328968.
Hoare, James E. (2012). "Antarctic Exploration". Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8108-7987-4.
The Snotsicle Traverse: A True Antarctic Adventure. Frandorson. January 1993.
Brown, Ian (1999). 'Extreme South' Struggles & triumph of the first Australian team to the Pole. Australian Geographic.
Arnesen, Liv; Bancroft, Ann; Dahle, Cheryl. No Horizon is so far: Two women and their historic journey across Antarctica. Penguin Books.
Brent, Michel. "Polar Challenges / UK / Expeditions / Arctic Expeditions – Archives". v1.explorapoles.org.
IceChallenger.co.uk Archived 8 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 2005. Retrieved on 14 October 2008
Tierraspolared.es, Transantarctica 2005–06 at Tierras Polares Archived 7 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Aislinn Simpson (29 December 2006), "Woman treks alone to South Pole in 39 days", The Guardian, retrieved 12 March 2013
Jardine, Ray. "Skiing to the South Pole in 59 days : Ray & Jenny Jardine". www.rayjardine.com.
Traverse.npolar.no Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
Conor J. Ryan Joys and Hardships of Antarctic Fieldwork, retrieved 2011 Aug 24
"forsideverdensvakresteskitur.com". www.verdensvakresteskitur.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
Martin, Peter (December 2011), "Todd Carmichael, American", Esquire: 202, retrieved 13 March 2013
"The Antarctica Challenge: A Global Warning". The GATE. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
Southpolequest.com
Moon Regan transantarctic crossing
"ExWeb interview Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair-Landry (part 1/2): The battle of body and gear across 2 South Poles". www.explorersweb.com.
[http://www.bsae2012.co.uk/ BSAE 2012 – Spirit of Scott
"2011-2012 WINDSLED Acciona Antarctica Expedition". Inuit WindSled.
"Long Day's Journey into White | Adventure". Reader's Digest Asia. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
Michael Warren. "First woman to cross Antarctica solo sets two records". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
"British adventurer Felicity Aston caps first ski crossing of Antarctica by woman". ESPN. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
"Amazon.com: Antarctic Tears: Determination, adversity, and the pursuit of a dream at the bottom of the world eBook: Aaron Linsdau: Kindle Store". www.amazon.com.
"The Push Documentary – A Film About Overcoming Adversity With Love". Push.
"Sit-skier Grant Korgan has pushed his way across Antarctica". espn.com.
"Paralyzed Nevada man Grant Korgan reaches South Pole – NY Daily News". nydailynews.com. Associated Press.
"Paralyzed athlete Grant Korgan achieves polar goal". sfgate.com. 29 January 2012.
"Korg Movement – Choose Positivity Now". Korg Movement.
Shackleton Epic, archived from the original on 9 May 2019, retrieved 29 September 2019
"The Scott Expedition".
"Willis Resilience Expedition".
Explorersweb (13 January 2011). "Breaking news: Christian Eide bags the South Pole solo speed ski world record". explorersweb.com. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
"Scots explorer Luke Robertson achieves South Pole first: Final Recap". BBC News. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
"Explorer dies in Antarctic crossing". BBC News. 3 December 2018.
"Largest all-women expedition heads to Antarctica". BBC. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
"SPEAR17". Louis Rudd MBE. 1 April 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
"一括査定を活用してバイクの買取を依頼するメリットとデメリット". www.spear17.org.
"Mike Horn a dompté l'Antarctique en solitaire – L'illustré". 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017.
"O'Brady's Antarctic Crossing: Was It Really Unassisted?". Explorersweb. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
January 2019, Maria Dombrov22 (22 January 2019). "An Impossible First: Colin O'Brady Completes Solo Trek Across Antarctica – GlacierHub %". GlacierHub. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
"Explorer completes historic Antarctic trek". Exploration & Adventure. 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
"Second explorer completes Antarctic crossing". Exploration & Adventure. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
"Antarctica 2018–2019: Final Recap". Explorersweb. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
"Saildrone Completes First Autonomous Circumnavigation of Antarctica". www.saildrone.com. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
"First row across the Drake Passage". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
Stephens, Rebecca (5 February 2020). "How three British women overcame ferocious storms and 'polar thigh' to conquer Antarctica on skis". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
"Anja Blacha nach Expedition zum Südpol: "Männerdomänen sind für Frauen erreichbar"". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 10 February 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
"southpole2020". southpole2020. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
"Woman is youngest to ski solo to South Pole". 10 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
Laura Smith-Spark; Francesca Street (4 January 2022). "British Sikh Army officer becomes first woman of color to ski solo to the South Pole". CNN. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

References

Savatyugin, L. M.; Preobrazhenskaya, M. A. (1999). Российские исследования в Антарктике [Russian Exploration of Antarctica] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russian Federation (Roshydromet). ISBN 5-286-01265-5.
"Soviet Antarctic Expedition". Information Bulletin. Amsterdam: Elsevier Pub. Co. 1958–1974. ISSN 0038-5271.
'Extreme South' Struggles & triumph of the first Australian team to the Pole by Ian Brown, Published by Australian Geographic 1999. ISBN 1 86276 031 4.

External links

Fram.museum.no, map of Antarctic Expeditions 1772 – 1931 at The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)
SPRI.cam.ac.uk, index to Antarctic Expeditions at the Scott Polar Research Institute's website
Antarctic Expeditions, information about some of them from the British Antarctic Survey
Antarctic-circle.org, Chronologies and Timelines of Antarctic Exploration
Antarctic Exploration Timeline, animated map of Antarctic exploration and settlement
Listen to Ernest Shackleton describing his 1908 South Pole Expedition, and read more about the recording on [australianscreen online].
The recording describing Shackleton's 1908 South Pole Expedition was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia Registry in 2007
Before she’s lost to decay on the West Coast, former Antarctica researchers in Maine want to save their storied 'Hero'. Portland Magazine. 8 November 2012

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] O'Connor, Tom Polynesians in the Southern Ocean: Occupation of the Auckland Islands in Prehistory in New Zealand Geographic 69 (September–October 2004): 6–8

[2] Anderson, Atholl; O'Regan, Gerard R. (2000). "To the Final Shore: Prehistoric Colonisation of the Subantarctic Islands in South Polynesia". Australian Archaeologist: Collected Papers in Honour of Jim Allen. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 440–454.

[3] Anderson, Atholl, & Gerard R. O'Regan The Polynesian Archaeology of the Subantarctic Islands: An Initial Report on Enderby Island Southern Margins Project Report. Dunedin: Ngai Tahu Development Report, 1999

[4] Anderson, Atholl Subpolar Settlement in South Polynesia Antiquity 79.306 (2005): 791–800

[Martinic2019-5] Martinic B., Mateo (2019). "Entre el mito y la realidad. La situación de la misteriosa Isla Elizabeth de Francis Drake" [Between myth and reality. The situation of the mysterious Elizabeth Island of Francis Drake]. Magallania (in Spanish). 47 (1): 5–14. doi:10.4067/S0718-22442019000100005. Retrieved 21 December 2019.

[Arana280-6] Barros Arana, Diego. "Capítulo XI". Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 280.

[7] Lane, Kris E. (1998). Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-76560-256-5.

[Kock-8] Kock, Robbert. "Dutch in Chile". Colonial Voyage.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2014.

[EB1911-9] Clerke, Agnes Mary (1911). "Halley, Edmund" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 856.

[10] McGonigal, David (2009). Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent. Frances Lincoln. pp. 288–289. ISBN 978-0-7112-2980-8.

[Antarctic_Aerial_Exploration-11] "Antarctic Aerial Exploration".

[12] "First NGA ski trip to Pole from Hercules Inlet".

[13] "Antarctica".

[14] Steger, Will; Bowermaster, Jon (2 March 2010). Crossing Antarctica. ISBN 978-0897328968.

[Hoare2012-15] Hoare, James E. (2012). "Antarctic Exploration". Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8108-7987-4.

[16] The Snotsicle Traverse: A True Antarctic Adventure. Frandorson. January 1993.

[17] Brown, Ian (1999). 'Extreme South' Struggles & triumph of the first Australian team to the Pole. Australian Geographic.

[18] Arnesen, Liv; Bancroft, Ann; Dahle, Cheryl. No Horizon is so far: Two women and their historic journey across Antarctica. Penguin Books.

[19] Brent, Michel. "Polar Challenges / UK / Expeditions / Arctic Expeditions – Archives". v1.explorapoles.org.

[20] IceChallenger.co.uk Archived 8 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 2005. Retrieved on 14 October 2008

[21] Tierraspolared.es, Transantarctica 2005–06 at Tierras Polares Archived 7 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine

[22] Aislinn Simpson (29 December 2006), "Woman treks alone to South Pole in 39 days", The Guardian, retrieved 12 March 2013

[23] Jardine, Ray. "Skiing to the South Pole in 59 days : Ray & Jenny Jardine". www.rayjardine.com.

[24] Traverse.npolar.no Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine

[25] Conor J. Ryan Joys and Hardships of Antarctic Fieldwork, retrieved 2011 Aug 24

[26] "forsideverdensvakresteskitur.com". www.verdensvakresteskitur.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

[27] Martin, Peter (December 2011), "Todd Carmichael, American", Esquire: 202, retrieved 13 March 2013

[28] "The Antarctica Challenge: A Global Warning". The GATE. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2020.

[29] Southpolequest.com

[30] Moon Regan transantarctic crossing

[31] "ExWeb interview Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair-Landry (part 1/2): The battle of body and gear across 2 South Poles". www.explorersweb.com.

[32] [http://www.bsae2012.co.uk/ BSAE 2012 – Spirit of Scott

[33] "2011-2012 WINDSLED Acciona Antarctica Expedition". Inuit WindSled.

[34] "Long Day's Journey into White | Adventure". Reader's Digest Asia. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2012.

[35] Michael Warren. "First woman to cross Antarctica solo sets two records". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 28 January 2012.

[ESPN-36] "British adventurer Felicity Aston caps first ski crossing of Antarctica by woman". ESPN. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.

[37] "Amazon.com: Antarctic Tears: Determination, adversity, and the pursuit of a dream at the bottom of the world eBook: Aaron Linsdau: Kindle Store". www.amazon.com.

[38] "The Push Documentary – A Film About Overcoming Adversity With Love". Push.

[39] "Sit-skier Grant Korgan has pushed his way across Antarctica". espn.com.

[40] "Paralyzed Nevada man Grant Korgan reaches South Pole – NY Daily News". nydailynews.com. Associated Press.

[41] "Paralyzed athlete Grant Korgan achieves polar goal". sfgate.com. 29 January 2012.

[42] "Korg Movement – Choose Positivity Now". Korg Movement.

[43] Shackleton Epic, archived from the original on 9 May 2019, retrieved 29 September 2019

[44] "The Scott Expedition".

[45] "Willis Resilience Expedition".

[46] Explorersweb (13 January 2011). "Breaking news: Christian Eide bags the South Pole solo speed ski world record". explorersweb.com. Retrieved 13 January 2011.

[47] "Scots explorer Luke Robertson achieves South Pole first: Final Recap". BBC News. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.

[48] "Explorer dies in Antarctic crossing". BBC News. 3 December 2018.

[49] "Largest all-women expedition heads to Antarctica". BBC. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2020.

[50] "SPEAR17". Louis Rudd MBE. 1 April 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019.

[51] "一括査定を活用してバイクの買取を依頼するメリットとデメリット". www.spear17.org.

[52] "Mike Horn a dompté l'Antarctique en solitaire – L'illustré". 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017.

[53] "O'Brady's Antarctic Crossing: Was It Really Unassisted?". Explorersweb. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019.

[54] January 2019, Maria Dombrov22 (22 January 2019). "An Impossible First: Colin O'Brady Completes Solo Trek Across Antarctica – GlacierHub %". GlacierHub. Retrieved 24 February 2019.

[55] "Explorer completes historic Antarctic trek". Exploration & Adventure. 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019.

[56] "Second explorer completes Antarctic crossing". Exploration & Adventure. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019.

[57] "Antarctica 2018–2019: Final Recap". Explorersweb. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.

[58] "Saildrone Completes First Autonomous Circumnavigation of Antarctica". www.saildrone.com. Retrieved 5 August 2019.

[59] "First row across the Drake Passage". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

[:0-60] Stephens, Rebecca (5 February 2020). "How three British women overcame ferocious storms and 'polar thigh' to conquer Antarctica on skis". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

[61] "Anja Blacha nach Expedition zum Südpol: "Männerdomänen sind für Frauen erreichbar"". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 10 February 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

[62] "southpole2020". southpole2020. Retrieved 8 May 2023.

[63] "Woman is youngest to ski solo to South Pole". 10 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.

[64] Laura Smith-Spark; Francesca Street (4 January 2022). "British Sikh Army officer becomes first woman of color to ski solo to the South Pole". CNN. Retrieved 5 January 2022.