CD20

B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 or CD20 is expressed on the surface of all B-cells beginning at the pro-B phase (CD45R+, CD117+) and progressively increasing in concentration until maturity.[5]

MS4A1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesMS4A1, B1, Bp35, CD20, CVID5, LEU-16, MS4A2, S7, membrane spanning 4-domains A1, FMC7
External IDsOMIM: 112210 MGI: 88321 HomoloGene: 7259 GeneCards: MS4A1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

931

12482

Ensembl

ENSG00000156738

ENSMUSG00000024673

UniProt

P11836

P19437

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_152866
NM_021950
NM_152867

NM_007641

RefSeq (protein)

NP_068769
NP_690605
NP_690606

NP_031667

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 60.46 – 60.47 MbChr 19: 11.23 – 11.24 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

In humans CD20 is encoded by the MS4A1 gene.[6][7]

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this nascent protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. This gene encodes a B-lymphocyte surface molecule that plays a role in the development and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells. This family member is localized to 11q12, among a cluster of family members. Alternative splicing of the human MS4A1 gene results in at least three transcript variants (1 to 3) that encode the same protein.[7] Variants 1 and 2 are poorly translated due to inhibitory upstream open reading frames and stem-loop structures within their 5' untranslated regions. The relative abundance of translation-competent variant 3, as opposed to the poorly translated variants 1 and 2, may be a key determinant of CD20 levels in normal and malignant human B cells and their responses to CD20-directed immunotherapies. [8]

Function

The protein has no known natural ligand[9] and its function is to enable optimal B-cell immune response, specifically against T-independent antigens.[10] It is suspected that it acts as a calcium channel in the cell membrane. CD20 is induced in the context of microenvironmental interactions by CXCR4/SDF1 (CXCL12) chemokine signaling and the molecular function of CD20 has been linked to the signaling propensity of B-cell receptor (BCR) in this context.[11]

Expression

CD20 is expressed on all stages of B cell development except the first and last; it is present from late pro-B cells through memory cells, but not on either early pro-B cells or plasma blasts and plasma cells.[12][13] It is found on B-cell lymphomas, hairy cell leukemia, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and melanoma cancer stem cells.[14]

Immunohistochemistry can be used to determine the presence of CD20 on cells in histological tissue sections. Because CD20 remains present on the cells of most B-cell neoplasms, and is absent on otherwise similar appearing T-cell neoplasms, it can be very useful in diagnosing conditions such as B-cell lymphomas and leukaemias. However, the presence or absence of CD20 in such tumours is not relevant to prognosis, with the progression of the disease being much the same in either case. CD20 positive cells are also sometimes found in cases of Hodgkins disease, myeloma, and thymoma.[15]

Antibody FMC7 (Flinders Medical Centre) appears to recognise a conformational variant of CD20[16][17] also known as the FMC7 antigen.[18]

Clinical significance

CD20 is the target of the monoclonal antibodies rituximab, ocrelizumab, obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, ibritumomab tiuxetan, tositumomab, and ublituximab, which are all active agents in the treatment of all B cell lymphomas, leukemias, and B cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.

The anti-CD20 mAB ofatumumab (Genmab) was approved by FDA in October 2009 for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

The anti-CD20 mAB obinutuzumab (Gazyva) was approved by FDA in November 2013 for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Ocrelizumab was approved by the FDA in March 2017 for multiple sclerosis as the first treatment of the primary progressive form of MS. Clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus were discontinued in 2010 due to an infection related safety risk.[19]

Although phase II trials for the use of Rituximab in myalgic encephalomyelitis showed promising results, these could not be replicated in a large randomized controlled trial [20] and preliminary results from a Phase III trial were negative.[21]

Additional anti-CD20 antibody therapeutics under development (phase II or III clinical trials in 2008) include :

B cells, CD20, and diabetes mellitus

A link between the immune system's B cells and diabetes mellitus has been determined.[24] In cases of obesity, the presence of fatty tissues surrounding the body's major organ systems results in cell necrosis and insulin insensitivity along the boundary between them. Eventually, the contents of fat cells that would otherwise have been digested by insulin are shed into the bloodstream. An inflammation response that mobilizes both T and B cells results in the creation of antibodies against these cells, causing them to become less responsive to insulin by an as-yet-unknown mechanism and promoting hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and arteriosclerosis, hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome. Obese mice administered anti-B cell CD-20 antibodies, however, did not become less responsive to insulin and as a result, did not develop diabetes mellitus or the metabolic syndrome, the posited mechanism being that anti-CD20 antibodies rendered the T cell antibodies dysfunctional and therefore powerless to cause insulin insensitivity by a B cell antibody-modulated autoimmune response. The protection afforded by anti-CD-20 lasted approximately forty days—the time it takes the body to replenish its supply of B cells—after which repetition was necessary to restore it. Hence, it has been argued that diabetes mellitus be reclassified as an autoimmune disease rather than a purely metabolic one and focus treatment for it on immune system modulation.[25]

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000156738 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024673 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Hardy R (2008). "Chapter 7: B Lymphocyte Development and Biology". In Paul W (ed.). Fundamental Immunology (Book) (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 237–269. ISBN 978-0-7817-6519-0.
  6. Tedder TF, Streuli M, Schlossman SF, Saito H (January 1988). "Isolation and structure of a cDNA encoding the B1 (CD20) cell-surface antigen of human B lymphocytes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 85 (1): 208–212. Bibcode:1988PNAS...85..208T. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.1.208. PMC 279513. PMID 2448768.
  7. "Entrez Gene: MS4A1 membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 1".
  8. Ang Z, Paruzzo L, Hayer KE, Schmidt C, Torres-Diz M, Xu F, et al. (September 2023). "Alternative splicing of its 5' UTR limits CD20 mRNA translation and enables resistance to CD20-directed immunotherapies". Blood: blood.2023020400. doi:10.1182/blood.2023020400. PMID 37683180. S2CID 261620430.
  9. Cragg MS, Walshe CA, Ivanov AO, Glennie MJ (2005). "The biology of CD20 and its potential as a target for mAb therapy". B Cell Trophic Factors and B Cell Antagonism in Autoimmune Disease. Current Directions in Autoimmunity. Vol. 8. pp. 140–74. doi:10.1159/000082102. ISBN 978-3-8055-7851-6. PMID 15564720.
  10. Kuijpers TW, Bende RJ, Baars PA, Grummels A, Derks IA, Dolman KM, et al. (January 2010). "CD20 deficiency in humans results in impaired T cell-independent antibody responses". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (1): 214–222. doi:10.1172/JCI40231. PMC 2798692. PMID 20038800.
  11. Pavlasova G, Borsky M, Svobodova V, Oppelt J, Cerna K, Novotna J, et al. (September 2018). "Rituximab primarily targets an intra-clonal BCR signaling proficient CLL subpopulation characterized by high CD20 levels". Leukemia. 32 (9): 2028–2031. doi:10.1038/s41375-018-0211-0. PMID 30030508. S2CID 49895265.
  12. Walport M, Murphy K, Janeway C, Travers PJ (2008). Janeway's Immunobiology (7th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4123-9.
  13. Bonilla FA, Bona CA (1996). "5". Textbook of Immunology. Boca Raton: CRC. p. 102. ISBN 978-3-7186-0596-5.
  14. Fang D, Nguyen TK, Leishear K, Finko R, Kulp AN, Hotz S, et al. (October 2005). "A tumorigenic subpopulation with stem cell properties in melanomas". Cancer Research. 65 (20): 9328–9337. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1343. PMID 16230395.
  15. Cooper K, Anthony Leong AS-Y (2003). Manual of diagnostic antibodies for immunohistology (2nd ed.). London: Greenwich Medical Media. ISBN 978-1-84110-100-2.
  16. Polyak MJ, Ayer LM, Szczepek AJ, Deans JP (July 2003). "A cholesterol-dependent CD20 epitope detected by the FMC7 antibody". Leukemia. 17 (7): 1384–1389. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2402978. PMID 12835728.
  17. Serke S, Schwaner I, Yordanova M, Szczepek A, Huhn D (April 2001). "Monoclonal antibody FMC7 detects a conformational epitope on the CD20 molecule: evidence from phenotyping after rituxan therapy and transfectant cell analyses". Cytometry. 46 (2): 98–104. doi:10.1002/cyto.1071. PMID 11309819.
  18. Deans JP, Polyak MJ (February 2008). "FMC7 is an epitope of CD20". Blood. 111 (4): 2492, author reply 2493-2492, author reply 2494. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-11-126243. PMID 18263793.
  19. "Roche and Biogen Idec Announce Their Decision to Discontinue the ocrelizumab Clinical Development Programme in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis". investors.biogen.com. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  20. Fluge Ø, Rekeland IG, Lien K, Thürmer H, Borchgrevink PC, Schäfer C, et al. (May 2019). "B-Lymphocyte Depletion in Patients With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial". Annals of Internal Medicine. 170 (9): 585–593. doi:10.7326/M18-1451. PMID 30934066. S2CID 91186383.
  21. "ME-studie med negative resultater". Dagens Medicin (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  22. "Trubion announces Pfizer's decision to discontinue development of TRU-015 for RA". Trubion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. press release. 15 June 2010.
  23. Note: information included in this article only found in table present in print version of article. Morrow Jr KJ (15 June 2008). "Methods for Maximizing Antibody Yields". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. p. 36. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  24. Winer DA, Winer S, Shen L, Wadia PP, Yantha J, Paltser G, et al. (May 2011). "B cells promote insulin resistance through modulation of T cells and production of pathogenic IgG antibodies". Nature Medicine. 17 (5): 610–617. doi:10.1038/nm.2353. PMC 3270885. PMID 21499269.
  25. "Diabetes Mellitus". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 9 July 2021.

Further reading

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