List of Aramean kings
Aramean kings were kings of the ancient Arameans, and rulers of various Aramean states that existed throughout the Levant and Mesopotamia during the 14th and 13th centuries BC, before being absorbed by various other empires such as the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Achaemenid Empire.[1][2]
| Arameans |
|---|
| Syro-Hittite states |
| Aramean kings |
| Aramean cities |
| Sources |
Kings
King Hazael of Aram-Damascus
Aramean kings are known from various inscriptions, and some are also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
Aram-Damascus
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hezion | ca. 960 | |
| Tabrimmon | ca. 930 | son of Hezion |
| Ben-Hadad I | ca. 960 | son of Tob-Rimmon |
| Ben-Hadad II | ca. 930 | son of Ben-Hadad I |
| Ben-Hadad III | ca. 900 | son of Ben-Hadad II |
| Hazael | 895–854 | usurper |
| Ben-Hadad III | 854–842 | son of Hazael, Aramaic Bir-Hadad, Assyrian Adad-idri |
| Rezin | 754–732 | |
Bit-Agusi
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Gusi | ca. 870 | Dynasty founder |
| Hadram | ca. 860–830 | son of Gusi (Arame) |
| Attar-šumki I | ca. 830–800 / 805–796 | son of Hadram, synonym Bar-Guš |
| Bar-Hadad | ca. 800 | son of Attar-šumki I, reign unclear |
| Attar-šumki II | 1st half 8th century | son of Bar-Hadad |
| Mati-Ilu | mid 8th century | son of Attar-šumki II |
Bit-Gabbari (Sam'al)
King Bar Rakib on his throne, before him stands a scribe Bit Gabbari
A stele of the Aramean king Bar-Rakib
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King Panamuwa standing in front of Mesopotamian deities
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Gabbar | ca 920/ca. 900 – 880 | Dynasty founder |
| Bamah | ca. 880–865 | son of Gabbar |
| Hayya | ca. 865–840 | son of Bamah |
| Ša-il | ca. 840–830 | son of Hayya |
| Kilamuwa | ca. 830–820 | brother of Ša-il |
| Qarli | ca. 820–790 | son of Ahabbu?, he unified Sam'al and Y'DY |
| Panamuwa I | ca. 790–750 | son of Qarli, synonym Panammu |
| Bar-Sur | ca. 750 | son of Panamuwa I |
| Panamuwa II | ca. 743[3]–727 | son of Bar-Sur, synonym Panammu |
| Bar-Rakib | 727[3]–713/711 | son of Panamuwa II |
Kasku
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Bar-Ga'ya | mid 8th century | Possibly an Assyrian high official |
Aram-Zobah
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hadadezer | at the time of Saul and David of Israel |
Bit Bahiani
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Bahianu | - | - |
| Abisalmu | - | - |
| Kapara | 950–875 BC | He built a monumental palace in Neo-Hittite style discovered by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, with a rich decoration of statues and relief orthostats |
Hamath
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| T'oi | - | - |
| Hadoram | - | - |
| Paratas | - | - |
| Irhuleni | 853 BC | He led a coalition against the Assyrian expansion under Shalmaneser III, alongside Hadadezer of Damascus.[4] |
| Uratamis | - | - |
| Zakkur | - | - |
| Eni-Ilu | - | - |
| Yaub'di | - | - |
Aram-Naharaim
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cushan-rishathaim | 1250 BC | He was king of Aram-Naharaim, or Northwest Mesopotamia, and the first oppressor of the Israelites after their settlement in Canaan. |
Bit-Zamani
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ammi-Ba'al | 900–879 BC | He was king of Bit-Zamani, or Northwest Mesopotamia known for his rivals against Tukulti-Ninurta II. |
| Bur-Ramman | 879–866 | Successor of Ammi-Ba'al |
| Ilan | 879–866 BC | Successor and brother of Bur-Ramman |
Bit-Adini
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Adin(i) | 883–876 BC | He was the first king of Bit-Adini[5] |
| Akhuni Bar-Adin | 876–858 BC | Successor and descent of Adin and defeated by Ashurnasirpal II[5] |
Palmyrene Empire
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Odaenathus | 260–267 | Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263 |
| Hairan I | 263–267 | Made co-King of Kings by his father.[6] |
| Maeonius | 267–267 | No evidence exist for his reign,[7] but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation |
| Vaballathus | 267–272 | Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271.[8] Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia.[9] |
| Zenobia | 267–272 | Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right.[9] |
| Septimius Antiochus | 273–273 | Possibly a son of Zenobia. |
References
- Lipiński 2000.
- Younger 2016.
- Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
- Luis Robert Siddall, The Reign of Adad-nīrārī III: An Historical and Ideological Analysis of An Assyrian King and His Times. BRILL, 2013 ISBN 9004256148 p.37
- "Kingdoms of Syria – Bit Adini".
- Maurice Sartre (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-674-01683-5.
- George C. Brauer (1975). The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244-284. Noyes Press. p. 163.
- Andrew M. Smith II (2013). Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-986110-1.
- Pat Southern (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Sources
- Gzella, Holger (2015). A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004285101.
- Lipiński, Edward (2000). The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908598.
- Sader, Hélène (2014). "History". The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. Leiden: Brill. pp. 11–36. ISBN 9789004229433.
- Younger, Kenneth Lawson (2016). A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities. Atlanta: SBL Press. ISBN 9781628370843.
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