Araucaria araucana

The leaves of A. araucana

A young specimen

The leaves are thick, tough, and scale-like, triangular, 3–4 cm (1+1⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long, 1–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) broad at the base, and with sharp edges and tips. According to Lusk, the leaves have an average lifespan of 24 years[4] and so cover most of the tree except for the older branches.

It is usually dioecious, with the male and female cones on separate trees, though occasional individuals bear cones of both sexes. The male (pollen) cones are oblong and cucumber-shaped, 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) long at first, expanding to 8–12 cm (3–4+1⁄2 in) long by 5–6 cm (2–2+1⁄2 in) broad at pollen release. It is wind pollinated. The female (seed) cones, which mature in autumn about 18 months after pollination, are globose, large, 12–20 cm (4+1⁄2–8 in) in diameter, and hold about 200 seeds. The cones disintegrate at maturity to release the 3–4 cm (1+1⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long nut-like seeds.

The thick bark of Araucaria araucana may be an adaptation to wildfire.[5]

Distribution map of A. araucana in central Chile

The tree's native habitat is the lower slopes of the Chilean and Argentine south-central Andes, typically above 1,000 m (3,300 ft). In the Chilean Coast Range A. araucana can be found as far south as Villa Las Araucarias (latitude 38°30' S) at an altitude of 640 m asl.[6] Juvenile trees exhibit a broadly pyramidal or conical habit which naturally develops into the distinctive umbrella form of mature specimens as the tree ages.[7] It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic, volcanic soil, but will tolerate almost any soil type provided it drains well. Seedlings are often not competitive enough to survive unless grown in a canopy gap or exposed isolated area. It is almost never found together with Chusquea culeou, Nothofagus dombeyi, and Nothofagus pumilio, because they typically outcompete A. araucana.[8]

Araucaria araucana is a masting species, and rodents are important consumers and dispersers of its seeds. The long-haired grass mouse, Abrothrix longipilis, is the most important animal responsible for dispersing the seeds of A. araucana. This rodent buries seeds whole in locations favorable for seed germination, unlike other animals.[9]

Another important seed dispersal agent is the parakeet species Enicognathus ferrugineus.[8] Adult trees are highly resistant to large ecological disturbances caused by volcanic activity, after events like these the parakeets play their role by dispersing the seeds far from effected territory.[8]

Logging, long a major threat, was finally banned in 1990.[10] Large fires burned thousands of acres of Araucaria forest in 2001–2002,[10] and areas of national parks have also burned, destroying trees over 1300 years old.[1] Overgrazing and invasive trees are also threats.[1][10] Extensive human harvesting of piñones (Araucaria seeds) can prevent new trees from growing.[1] A Global Trees Campaign project that planted 2000 trees found a 90 percent 10-year survival rate.[10]

Araucaria araucana is a popular garden tree, planted for the unusual effect of its thick, "reptilian" branches with very symmetrical appearance. It prefers temperate climates with abundant rainfall, tolerating temperatures down to about −20 °C (−4 °F). It is far and away the hardiest member of its genus, and can grow well in western and central Europe (north to the Faroe Islands and Smøla[11] in western Norway), the west coast of North America (north to Baranof Island in Alaska), and locally on the east coast, as far north as Long Island, and in New Zealand, southeastern Australia and south east Ireland. It is tolerant of coastal salt spray, but does not tolerate exposure to pollution.

The piñones are similar to pine nuts, but larger; these roasted seeds are 3 cm and 5 cm long, from two different cultivars.

Its seeds (Mapudungun: ngulliw, Spanish: piñones) are edible,[10] similar to large pine nuts, and are harvested by indigenous peoples in Argentina and Chile.[12] The tree has some potential to be a food crop in other areas in the future, thriving in climates with cool oceanic summers, e.g., western Scotland, where other nut crops do not grow well.[13] A group of six female trees with one male for pollination could yield several thousand seeds per year. Since the cones drop, harvesting is easy. The tree, however, does not yield seeds until it is around 30 to 40 years old, which discourages investment in planting orchards (although yields at maturity can be immense); once established, individuals can achieve ages beyond 1,000 years.[14][15] Pest losses to rodents and feral Sus scrofa limits the yields for human consumption and forage fattening of livestock by A. araucana mast.[16] A. araucana has a high degree of inter-year variability in mast volume, and this variation is synchronous within a given area.[17] This evolved to take advantage of predator satiety.[17]

Once valued because of its long, straight trunk, its current rarity and vulnerable status mean its wood is now rarely used; it is also sacred to some indigenous Mapuche.[18] Before the tree became protected by law in 1971, lumber mills in Araucanía Region specialized in Chilean pine.

The species is protected under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system and commercial trade in wild sourced specimens is prohibited.[2]

A monkey puzzle tree at Salesforce Park, San Francisco

The silhouette of the araucaria is very recognizable and has become a symbol for the southern regions of Argentina and Chile. For example, araucarias appear on the coats of arms of Neuquén Province and Araucanía Region.

First identified by Europeans in Chile in the 1780s,[19][20] it was named Pinus araucana by Molina in 1782.[21] In 1789, de Jussieu erected a new genus called Araucaria based on the species,[22] and in 1797, Pavón published a new description of the species which he called Araucaria imbricata (an illegitimate name, as it did not use Molina's older species epithet).[23] Finally, in 1873, after several further redescriptions, Koch published the combination Araucaria araucana,[24] validating Molina's species name. The name araucana is derived from the native Araucanians who used the nuts (seeds) of the tree in Chile – a group of Araucanians living in the Andes, the Pehuenches, owe their name to their diet based on the harvesting of the A. araucaria seeds; hence from pewen or its Hispanicized spelling pehuen which means Araucaria and che means people in Mapudungun. They believe the pewen was given by a deity or gwenachen to nourish their offspring; many pewen gathering festivals (ngillatun) are celebrated in both Chile and Argentina in gratitude to the tree's sustenance.[25]

The origin of the popular English language name "monkey puzzle" lies in its early cultivation in Britain in about 1850, when the species was still very rare in gardens and not widely known. Sir William Molesworth, the owner of a young specimen at Pencarrow garden near Bodmin in Cornwall, was showing it to a group of friends, when one of them – the noted barrister and Benthamist Charles Austin – remarked, "It would puzzle a monkey to climb that".[26] As the species had no existing popular name, first "monkey puzzler", then "monkey puzzle" stuck.[27]

The nearest extant relative is Araucaria angustifolia, a South American Araucaria from Brazil which differs in the width of the leaves. Members of other sections of the genus Araucaria occur in Pacific Islands and in Australia, and include Araucaria cunninghamii, hoop pine, Araucaria heterophylla, the Norfolk Island pine and Araucaria bidwillii, bunya pine.

The recently found 'Wollemi pine', Wollemia, discovered in southeast Australia, is classed in the plant family Araucariaceae. Their common ancestry dates to a time when Australia, Antarctica, and South America were linked by land – all three continents were once part of the supercontinent known as Gondwana.

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  Araucaria araucana in the Argentine Andes
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  Bark of a tree in Conguillío National Park, Chile
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  Female cones
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  Male cones
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  Part of a branch of a cultivated tree
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  A. araucana, Botanical Garden, Wrocław, Poland
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  A. araucana branch
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  Monkey puzzle trees are popularly grown as ornamental trees.
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  Juvenile tree in winter
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  Mixed forest of Araucaria and coigüe in Nahuelbuta National Park, Chile
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  Araucaria araucana in Botanical Garden Jevremovac (Belgrade)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Araucaria araucana.

Wikispecies has information related to Araucaria araucana.

• Premoli, A.; Quiroga, P.; Gardner, M. (2013). "Araucaria araucana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T31355A2805113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T31355A2805113.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. Listed as Vulnerable (VU B1+2c v2.3)
• "Gymnosperm Database: Araucaria araucana". Conifers.org.
• "Araucaria araucana". Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora.
• "Araucaria araucana". Chilebosque.
• "Threatened Trees: Monkey Puzzle". Global trees campaign.
• "The growth stages". Araucaria araucana.
• "Araucaria araucana – Monkey Puzzle Tree". Conifers Around the World. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.