Archaeopriapulida

Archaeopriapulida is a group of priapulid worms known from Cambrian lagerstätte.[1] The group is closely related to, and very similar to, the modern Priapulids.[2] It is unclear whether it is mono- or polyphyletic.[3] Despite a remarkable morphological similarity to their modern cousins,[4] they fall outside of the priapulid crown group, which is not unambiguously represented in the fossil record until the Carboniferous.[5] In addition to well-preserved body fossils, remains of several archaeopriapulid taxa are known to have been preserved primarily as organic microfossils, such as isolated scalids and pharyngeal teeth.[6][7][8] They are probably closely related or paraphyletic to the palaeoscolecids; the relationship between these basal worms is somewhat unresolved.[3]

Archaeopriapulida
Temporal range:
Reconstruction of the archaeopriapulid Ottoia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Stem group: Priapulida (?)
Class: †Archaeopriapulida

Species
  • Genus Acosmia maotiania Chen & Zhoi 1997 (Chengjiang deposits)
  • Genus Archotuba Hou et al. 1999 (possibly a Cnidarian) (Chengjiang deposits)[9]
  • Genus Baltiscalida Slater et al. 2017
    • Baltiscalida njorda Slater et al. 2017
  • Genus Eopriapulites Liu & al 2014[10]
  • Genus Eximipriapulus Ma et al. 2014 (Chengjiang deposits) [11]
  • Genus Lagenula Luo & Hu 1999 nomen dubium (Chengjiang deposits)[4]
    • Lagenula striolata Luo & Hu 1999 nomen dubium
  • Genus Laojieella Han et al. 2006 (Chengjiang deposits)[12]
    • Laojieella thecata Han et al. 2006
  • Genus Lecythioscopa Conway Morris 1977 (Burgess Shale)
  • Genus Oligonodus Luo & Hu 1999 nomen dubium (Chengjiang deposits)[4]
    • Oligonodus specialis Luo & Hu 1999 nomen dubium
  • Genus Omnidens? Hou & al 2006 (Chengjiang deposits)
  • Genus Sandaokania Luo & Hu 1999 nomen dubium (Chengjiang deposits)[4]
    • Sandaokania latinodosa Luo & Hu 1999 nomen dubium
  • Genus Singuuriqia Peel 2017 (Sirius Passet)[13]
    • Singuuriqia simoni Peel 2017
  • Genus Sullulika Peel & Willman, 2018[14]
    • Sullulika broenlundi Peel & Willman, 2018
  • Genus Xishania Hong 1981
    • Xishania fusiformis Hong 1981
    • Xishania jiangxiensis Hong 1988
  • Genus Paratubiluchus Han, Shu, Zhang et Liu, 2004 (Chengjiang deposits)
    • Paratubiluchus bicaudatus Han, Shu, Zhang et Liu, 2004
  • Genus Xiaoheiqingella Hu 2002
    • Xiaoheiqingella peculiaris Hu 2002 [Yunnanpriapulus halteroformis Huang et al 2004[15]][16] (Chengjiang deposits)
  • Genus Priapulites Schram 1973 (Mazon Creek)
  • Family Palaeopriapulitidae Hou et al. 1999
  • Family Selkirkiidae Conway Morris 1977 (stem Palaeoscolecida)[19]
    • Genus Selkirkia Walcott 1911
      • Selkirkia elongata Luo & Hu 1999 (Chengjiang deposits)
      • Selkirkia columbia Walcott 1911 (Burgess Shale)
      • Selkirkia pennsylvanica Resser & Howell 1938
      • Selkirkia spencei Resser 1939
      • Selkirkia willoughbyi Conway Morris & Robison 1986
  • Order Ancalagonida Adrianov & Malakhov 1995 (stem Scalidophora)[19]
    • Family Ancalagonidae Conway Morris 1977
    • Family Fieldiidae Conway Morris 1977
      • Genus Fieldia Walcott 1912 (Burgess Shale)
        • Fieldia lanceolata Walcott 1912
    • Genus Scolecofurca Conway Morris 1977 (Burgess Shale)
    • Family Ottoiidae Walcott 1911
      • Genus Ottoia Walcott 1911
        • Ottoia cylindrica (Sun & Hou 1987)
        • Ottoia guizhouenis Yang, Zhao & Zhang 2016
        • Ottoia prolifica Walcott 1911 (Burgess Shale)
        • Ottoia tenuis Walcott 1911
        • Ottoia tricuspida Smith, Harvey & Butterfield 2015
    • Family Corynetidae Huang, Vannier & Chen 2004
    • Family Miskoiidae Walcott 1911
      • Genus Louisella Conway Morris 1977 (Burgess Shale)
      • Genus Miskoia Walcott 1911
        • Miskoia placida Walcott 1931
        • Miskoia preciosa Walcott 1911

References
  1. Conway Morris, S. (1979). "The Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) Fauna". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 10: 327–349. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.10.110179.001551.
  2. Por, F. D. (1983). "Class Seticoronaria and Phylogeny of the Phylum Priapulida". Zoologica Scripta. 12 (4): 267–272. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1983.tb00510.x. S2CID 85091685.
  3. Wills, M. A. (1 April 1998). "Cambrian and Recent Disparity: the Picture from Priapulids". Paleobiology. 24 (2): 177–199. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(1998)024[0177:CARDTP]2.3.CO;2. JSTOR 2401237. S2CID 88647544.
  4. Huang, D.-Y.; Vannier, J.; Chen, J.-Y. (2004). "Anatomy and lifestyles of Early Cambrian priapulid worms exemplified by Corynetis and Anningvermis from the Maotianshan Shale (SW China)". Lethaia. 37: 21–33. doi:10.1080/00241160410005088.
  5. Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 75 (2): 253–95. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x. PMID 10881389. S2CID 39772232.
  6. Slater, Ben J.; Harvey, Thomas H. P.; Guilbaud, Romain; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (January 2017). Rahman, Imran (ed.). "A cryptic record of Burgess Shale-type diversity from the early Cambrian of Baltica". Palaeontology. 60 (1): 117–140. doi:10.1111/pala.12273.
  7. Smith, Martin R.; Harvey, Thomas H. P.; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (July 2015). Kouchinsky, Artem (ed.). "The macro‐ and microfossil record of the Cambrian priapulid Ottoia". Palaeontology. 58 (4): 705–721. doi:10.1111/pala.12168. ISSN 0031-0239.
  8. Wernström, Joel Vikberg; Slater, Ben J.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Crampton, Denise; Altenburger, Andreas (2023-08-12). "Geometric morphometrics of macro- and meiofaunal priapulid pharyngeal teeth provides a proxy for studying Cambrian "tooth taxa"". Zoomorphology. doi:10.1007/s00435-023-00617-4. ISSN 1432-234X.
  9. Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas (2012-12-21). Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera. ISBN 9783110272536.
  10. Liu, Y.; Xiao, S.; Shao, T.; Broce, J.; Zhang, H. (2014). "The oldest known priapulid-like scalidophoran animal and its implications for the early evolution of cycloneuralians and ecdysozoans". Evolution & Development. 16 (3): 155–65. doi:10.1111/ede.12076. PMID 24754444. S2CID 205095219.
  11. Ma, X.; Aldridge, R. J.; Siveter, D. J.; Siveter, D. J.; Hou, X.; Edgecombe, G. D. (2014). "A New Exceptionally Preserved Cambrian Priapulid from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte". Journal of Paleontology. 88 (2): 371. doi:10.1666/13-082. S2CID 85627132.
  12. Han, J.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Shu, D. (2006). "A new theca-bearing Early Cambrian worm from the Chengjiang Fossil Lagerstätte, China". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 30: 1–10. doi:10.1080/03115510608619340. S2CID 84288209.
  13. Peel, John S. (2017). "Feeding behaviour of a new worm (Priapulida) from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3) of North Greenland (Laurentia)". Palaeontology. 60 (6): 795–805. doi:10.1111/pala.12316. S2CID 134180194.
  14. Peel, John S; Willman, Sebastian (2018). "The Buen Formation (Cambrian Series 2) biota of North Greenland". Papers in Palaeontology. 4 (3): 381–432. doi:10.1002/spp2.1112. S2CID 134539597.
  15. Huang, D.; Vannier, J.; Chen, J. (2004). "Recent Priapulidae and their Early Cambrian ancestors: Comparisons and evolutionary significance". Geobios. 37 (2): 217. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.04.004.
  16. Han, J.; Shu, D.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, J. (2004). "The earliest-known ancestors of Recent Priapulomorpha from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte". Chinese Science Bulletin. 49 (17): 1860. Bibcode:2004ChSBu..49.1860H. doi:10.1007/BF03183414. S2CID 84891981.
  17. Zeng, H.; Zhao, F.; Yin, Z.; Li, G.; Zhu, M. (2014). "A Chengjiang-type fossil assemblage from the Hongjingshao Formation (Cambrian Stage 3) at Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan". Chinese Science Bulletin. 59 (25): 3169. Bibcode:2014ChSBu..59.3169Z. doi:10.1007/s11434-014-0419-y. S2CID 128594728.
  18. (Chengjiang deposits)Han, J.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, J.; Shu, D. (2007). "Evidence of Priapulid Scavenging from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Deposits, Southern China". PALAIOS. 22 (6): 691–694. Bibcode:2007Palai..22..691H. doi:10.2110/palo.2006.p06-117r. ISSN 0883-1351. S2CID 86584623.
  19. Haaramo, Mikko (2003). "Scalidophora – †palaeoscolecids, priapulids, mud dragons and brush heads". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  20. Hu, S.; Steiner, M.; Zhu, M.; Luo, H.; Forchielli, A.; Keupp, H.; Zhao, F.; Liu, Q. (2012). "A new priapulid assemblage from the early Cambrian Guanshan fossil Lagerstätte of SW China". Bulletin of Geosciences: 93–106. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1238.
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