List of rulers of Austria
From 976 until 1246, the Margraviate of Austria and its successor, the Duchy of Austria, was ruled by the House of Babenberg. At that time, those states were part of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1246 until 1918, the duchy and its successor, the Archduchy of Austria, was ruled by the House of Habsburg. Following the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I, the titles were abolished or fell into abeyance with the erection of the modern Republic of Austria.
| These are articles of the List of Austrians series |
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Margraves of Austria
The March of Austria, also known as Marcha Orientalis, was first formed in 976 out of the lands that had once been the March of Pannonia in Carolingian times. The oldest attestation dates back to 996, where the written name "ostarrichi" occurs in a document transferring land in present-day Austria to a Bavarian monastery.
House of Babenberg
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leopold I the Illustrious (Luitpold der Erlauchte) 976–994 |
 |
c. 940 | Richardis of Sualafeldgau nine children |
10 July 994 Würzburg aged about 54 |
| Henry I the Strong (Heinrich der Starke) 994–1018 |
 |
late 10th century son of Leopold I and Richardis of Sualafeldgau |
never married | 23 June 1018 |
| Adalbert I the Victorious (Adalbert der Siegreiche) 1018–1055 |
 |
c. 985 son of Leopold I and Richardis of Sualafeldgau |
(1) Glismod of West-Saxony no issue (2)Frozza Orseolo one issue |
26 May 1055 Melk aged about 70 |
| Ernest the Brave (Ernst der Tapfere) 1055–1075 |
 |
c. 1027 son of Adalbert and Frozza Orseolo |
(1) Adelaide of Eilenburg 1060 three children (2) Swanhilde of Ungarnmark 1072 no issue |
10 June 1075 aged about 48 |
| Leopold II the Fair (Luitpold der Schöne) 1075–1095 |
 |
c. 1050 son of Ernest and Adelaide of Eilenburg |
Ida of Cham 1065 eight children |
12 October 1095 aged about 45 |
| Leopold III the Saint (Luitpold der Heilige) 1095–1136 |
 |
c. 1073 Melk son of Leopold II and Ida of Cham |
(1) Maria of Perg no children (2) Agnes of Germany 1106 eighteen children |
15 November 1136 Vienna aged about 63 |
| Adalbert II the Devout (Adalbert der Andächtige) 1136-1137 |
 |
c. 1107 son of Leopold III and Agnes of Germany |
(1) Adelaide of Poland no children (2) Hedwig of Hungary 1132 no children |
9 November 1137 Vienna aged about 30 |
| Leopold IV the Generous (Luitpold der Freigiebige) 1137–1141 |
 |
c. 1108 son of Leopold III and Agnes of Germany |
Maria of Bohemia 28 September 1138 no issue |
18 October 1141 Niederalteich aged about 33 |
| Henry II Jasomirgott (Heinrich Jasomirgott) 1141–1156 |
 |
c. 1107 son of Leopold III and Agnes of Germany |
(1) Gertrude of Süpplingenburg 1 May 1142 one daughter (2) Theodora Komnene 1148 three children |
13 January 1177 aged about 70 |
Dukes of Austria
In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated the march to a duchy, independent of the Duchy of Bavaria.
House of Babenberg
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henry II Jasomirgott (Heinrich Jasomirgott) 1156–1177 |
|
c. 1107 son of Leopold III and Agnes of Germany |
(1) Gertrude of Süpplingenburg 1 May 1142 one daughter (2) Theodora Komnene 1148 three children |
13 January 1177 aged about 70 |
| Leopold V the Virtuous (Luitpold der Tugendhafte) 1177–1194 |
 |
c. 1157 son of Henry II and Theodora Komnene |
Helena of Hungary 1174 four children |
31 December 1194 Graz aged about 37 |
| Frederick I the Catholic (Friedrich der Katholische) 1195–1198 |
 |
c. 1175 son of Leopold V and Helena of Hungary |
never married | 16 April 1198 The Holy Land aged about 23 |
| Leopold VI the Glorious (Luitpold der Glorreiche) 1198–1230 |
 |
c. 1176 son of Leopold V and Helena of Hungary |
Theodora Angelina 1203 seven children |
28 July 1230 San Germano aged about 54 |
| Frederick II the Quarrelsome (Friedrich der Streitbare) 1230–1246 |
 |
25 April 1211 Wiener Neustadt son of Leopold VI and Theodora Angelina |
(1) Sophia Laskarina no issue (2) Agnes of Merania 1229 no issue |
15 June 1246 Leitha aged 35 |
Interregnum
Přemysl Ottokar II of Bohemia (1251–1276)
After Frederick's death, the succession of the Duchy was disputed between various claimants, based in two main rival heiresses:
- Through Margaret of Austria, sister of Frederick II:
- Henry and Frederick of Hohenstaufen, sons, claimants 1246/50 – c.1252?
- Ottokar II of Bohemia, second husband, duke 1251–1276 (claimant up until 1278)
- Through Gertrude of Austria, niece of Frederick II:
- Vladislaus, Margrave of Moravia (brother of Ottokar II), first husband, claimant 1246–1247
- Herman of Baden, second husband, claimant 1248–1250
- Roman Danylovich, third husband, claimant 1252–1253
- Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, son, claimant c.1253–1268
Dukes and archdukes of Austria under the House of Habsburg
Count Rudolf of Habsburg, elected as king of Germany (1273), was able during years 1276–78 decisively defeat his main rival Bohemian king Ottokar II and regain his Austrian domains back for the Empire. By his imperial authority he later (1282) invested his sons Albrecht and Rudolf with the duchies of Austria and Styria, thereby securing it for the House of Habsburg. Austria became one of the territories that remained under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years, forming the core of the Habsburg monarchy and the present-day country of Austria.
Partitions of Austria under Habsburg domain
| Duchy of Austria (1291-1379) | |||
| Duchy of Lower Austria (1379-1457) |
Duchy of Inner and Further Austria County of Tyrol (1379-1406) | ||
| Duchy of Further Austria (1406-1411) | |||
| County of Tyrol Duchy of Further Austria (1406/11-1453) Raised in 1453 to: Archduchy of Further Austria (1453-1490) | |||
| Duchy of Inner Austria (1406-1453) Raised in 1453 to: Archduchy of Inner Austria (1453-1490) | |||
| Archduchy of Austria (Inner Austrian line) (1490-1564) | |||
| Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria (1564-1619) |
Archduchy of Further Austria (with County of Tyrol) (1564-1619) |
Archduchy of Inner Austria (1564-1619) | |
| Archduchy of Austria (Inner Austrian line) (1619-1623) | |||
| Archduchy of Lower and Inner Austria (1623-1665) |
Archduchy of Further Austria (1623-1665) | ||
| Archduchy of Austria (1665-1804) (Lower/Inner Austrian line 1665-1780; Habsburg-Lorraine line 1780-1804) | |||
Table of rulers
| Name | Portrait | Born | Reign | Ruling part | Consort | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albert I |  |
July 1255 Vienna Eldest son of Rudolf I and Gertrude of Hohenberg |
December 1282 –1 May 1308 | Duchy of Austria | Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol 20 December 1274 Vienna twelve children |
1 May 1308 Windisch aged 52 |
Sons of Rudolf I, Albert I and Rudolf II, co-ruled in Austria only one year (1282–83) when the sole rule was entrusted by the Treaty of Rheinfelden to Albert alone according to the principle of primogeniture. Albert was elected as king of Germany in 1298, and that same year he associated his own eldest son, Rudolf III in Austria. Rudolf III was also elected King of Bohemia in 1306, but predeceased his father, dying next year. Albert himself died assassinated by his nephew John Parricida. |
| Rudolf II the Debonair |  |
July 1270 Rheinfelden Third son of Rudolph I and Gertrude of Hohenberg |
December 1282 –1283 | Duchy of Austria | Agnes of Bohemia March 1289 Prague one son |
10 May 1290 Prague aged 20 | |
| Rudolf III the Good |  |
c. 1281 Vienna Eldest son of Albert I and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol |
21 November 1298 –3/4 July 1307 | Duchy of Austria | (1) Blanche of France 25 May 1300 one daughter (2) Elisabeth Richeza of Poland 16 October 1306 Prague no issue |
3/4 July 1307 Horažďovice aged 26 | |
| Frederick I/III the Fair[1] |  |
c. 1289 Vienna Second son of Albert I and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol |
1 May 1308 –13 January 1330 | Duchy of Austria | Isabella of Aragon 11 May 1315 Ravensburg three children |
13 January 1330 Gutenstein aged 41 |
Younger brothers of Rudolf III, and co-rulers in Austria and Styria. Leopold, despite being younger than Frederick, was the one who primarily inherited the County of Habsburg, the oldest land of the family, and it was only after his death (1326) that Frederick came to rule there. In 1314, Frederick was elected King of the Romans, firstly as rival of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and then accepting co-rulership. |
| Leopold I the Glorious[2] |  |
4 August 1290 Vienna Third son of Albert I and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol |
1 May 1308 –28 February 1326 | Duchy of Austria | Catherine of Savoy 26 May 1315 Basel two daughters |
28 February 1326 Strassburg aged 35 | |
| Albert II the Wise |  |
12 December 1298 Habsburg Castle Fourth son of Albert I and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol |
13 January 1330 –16 August 1358 | Duchy of Austria | Joanna of Pfirt 15 February 1324 Vienna six children |
16 August 1358 Vienna aged 59 |
Younger brothers of the predecessors, and co-rulers. Albert established the primogeniture law into their domains. He also brought Carinthia and Carniola into Habsburg rule and laid an unsuccessful siege to Zürich. Otto administered the Swabian Habsburg lands. Otto's minor sons, Frederick (II) and Leopold (II), succeeded him in the co-rulership as titular dukes (1339-1344). |
| Otto I the Merry |  |
23 July 1301 Vienna Seventh son of Albert I and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol |
13 January 1330 –17 February 1339 | Duchy of Austria | (1) Elisabeth of Bavaria 15 May 1325 Straubing two sons (2) Anne of Bohemia 16 February 1335 Znaim no issue |
17 February 1339 Neuberg an der Mürz aged 37 | |
| Rudolf IV the Founder |  |
1 November 1339 Vienna Eldest son of Albert II the Wise and Joanna of Pfirt |
16 August 1358 –27 July 1365 | Duchy of Austria | Catherine of Bohemia 13 July 1356 Vienna no issue |
27 July 1365 Milan aged 25 |
After the unchanging of privileges for the Habsburgs in the decree of the Golden Bull in 1356, Rudolf gave order to draw up the Privilegium Maius, a fake document to empower the Austrian rulers. He was the first to style himself as "Archduke", title which was only made official in 1453. Rudolf also brought Tyrol into Habsburg domain. |
| The Privilegium Maius, fabricated by Rudolf in 1359, attempted to invest the Dukes of Austria with the special position of an "Archduke". This title was frequently used by Ernest the Iron and other Dukes but not recognized by other princes of the Holy Roman Empire until Frederick V became Emperor and confirmed the Privilegium in 1453.
After the death of Rudolf in 1365, his brothers Albert and Leopold succeeded him together, but divided their possessions between them in the Treaty of Neuberg of 1379:
| |||||||
| Name | Portrait | Born | Reign | Ruling part | Consort | Death | Notes |
| Albert III the Pigtail |  |
9 September 1349 Vienna Third son of Albert II the Wise and Joanna of Pfirt |
29 July 1365 –25 September 1379 | Duchy of Austria | (1) Elisabeth of Bohemia after 19 March 1366 Vienna no issue (2) Beatrice of Nuremberg 4 March 1375 Vienna one son |
29 August 1395 Laxenburg aged 45 |
Brothers of the predecessor, divided their domains in 1379. Leopold himself lost his life fighting in the Battle of Sempach (1386), a turning point that established the growth of the Swiss Confederacy and the effective decline of Habsburg power in their Swiss homeland. |
| 25 September 1379 –29 August 1395 | Duchy of Lower Austria | ||||||
| Leopold III the Just[3] |  |
1 November 1351 Vienna Fourth son of Albert II the Wise and Joanna of Pfirt |
29 July 1365 –25 September 1379 | Duchy of Austria | Viridis Visconti 23 February 1365 Vienna six children |
9 July 1386 Sempach aged 34 | |
| 25 September 1379 –9 July 1386 | Duchies of Inner and Further Austria (with County of Tyrol) | ||||||
| William the Courteous |  |
c. 1370 Vienna Eldest son of Leopold the Just and Viridis Visconti |
9 July 1386 –15 July 1406 | Duchies of Inner and Further Austria (with County of Tyrol) |
Joan II of Naples 13 November 1401 Vienna no issue |
15 July 1406 Vienna aged 36 |
Co-ruled with his brother Leopold IV. Also held regency in Lower Austria 1404–1406. |
| Leopold IV the Fat |  |
c. 1371 Vienna Second son of Leopold the Just and Viridis Visconti |
9 July 1386 –15 July 1406 | Duchies of Inner and Further Austria (with County of Tyrol) |
Catherine of Burgundy 15 August 1393 Vienna no issue |
3 June 1411 Vienna aged 40 |
Also held regency in Lower Austria 1404–1411. After the partition of 1406, kept Further Austria. |
| 15 July 1406 –3 June 1411 | Duchy of Further Austria | ||||||
| Albert IV the Patient |  |
19 September 1377 Vienna Only son of Albert the Pigtail and Beatrice of Nuremberg |
29 August 1395 –14 September 1404 | Duchy of Lower Austria | Joanna Sophia of Bavaria 24 April 1390 Vienna two children |
14 September 1404 Klosterneuburg aged 26 |
His rule was marked by tensions and conflicts with the Leopoldinian line and the Luxemburg dynasty. |
| Regencies of William, Duke of Austria and Leopold IV, Duke of Austria (1404-1411) | Succeeded as a minor, under guardianship of his Leopoldinian uncles. He was elected, in 1437–38, as King of Bohemia and King of Hungary, and also as King of Germany, beginning a three centuries long succession of Habsburg rulers as Kings of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors. | ||||||
| Albert V the Magnanimous |  |
16 August 1397 Vienna Only son of Albert IV and Joanna Sophia of Bavaria |
14 September 1404 –27 October 1439 | Duchy of Lower Austria | Elizabeth of Luxembourg 26 April 1422 Vienna three children |
27 October 1439 Neszmély aged 42 | |
In 1406, after the death of William, the living brothers of the Leopoldinian Line made a new division of their territories:
| |||||||
| Name | Portrait | Born | Reign | Ruling part | Consort | Death | Notes |
| Ernest the Iron |  |
c. 1377 Bruck an der Mur Third son of Leopold the Just and Viridis Visconti |
15 July 1406 –10 June 1424 | Duchy of Inner Austria | (1) Margaret of Pomerania 14 January 1392 Bruck an der Mur no issue (2) Cymburgis of Masovia 25 January 1412 Kraków nine children |
10 June 1424 Bruck an der Mur aged 47 |
In 1414, he became the last Duke to be enthroned according to Carantanian traditional rite at the Prince's Stone in Carinthia, and from that time on called himself Archduke. Beside Rudolf IV, he was the only one who used the title before it became official in 1453. |
| Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets[4] |  |
c. 1382 Fourth son of Leopold the Just and Viridis Visconti |
15 July 1406 –24 June 1439 | County of Tyrol (with Further Austria from 1411) |
(1) Elisabeth of the Palatinate 24 December 1407 Innsbruck one daughter (2) Anna of Brunswick 11 June 1411 Innsbruck four children |
24 June 1439 Innsbruck aged 57 |
Also held regency in Inner Austria 1424–1435. By siding with Antipope John XXIII, the Council of Constance stripped him of the remaining important Swiss possessions of the family, which went to the Swiss Confederacy. |
| Vacant 1439–1440 | |||||||
| Regency of Frederick V, Duke of Austria (1440-1452) | Succeeded as a minor, under guardianship of his Ernestine cousin. His death without descendants ended the Albertinian line, and the domains he inherited in Bohemia and Hungary, which were only recovered during the reign of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. | ||||||
| Ladislaus the Posthumous |  |
22 February 1440 Komárom Only son of Albert V and Elizabeth of Luxembourg |
22 February 1440 –23 November 1457 | Duchy of Lower Austria (1440-53) Archduchy of Lower Austria (1453-57) |
Unmarried | 23 November 1457 Prague aged 17 | |
| Lower Austria annexed to Inner Austria | |||||||
| Regency of Frederick V, Duke of Austria (1439-1446) | In 1490 he abdicated of his territories, giving way for the reunification of Austria. | ||||||
| Sigismund the Rich |  |
26 October 1427 Innsbruck Second son of Frederick IV and Anna of Brunswick |
24 June 1439 –1490 | County of Tyrol Duchy of Further Austria (1439-53) Archduchy of Further Austria (with County of Tyrol) (1453-90) |
(1) Eleanor of Scotland 12 February 1449 Innsbruck one son (2) Katharina of Saxony 24 February 1484 Innsbruck no issue |
4 March 1496 Innsbruck aged 68 | |
| Further Austria and Tyrol annexed to Inner Austria | |||||||
| Name | Portrait | Born | Reign | Ruling part | Consort | Death | Notes |
| Regency of Frederick IV, Duke of Austria (1424-1435) | Sons of Ernest I, ruled jointly. Occasionally, Albert revolted against him, occupying, until his death, lands known today as Upper Austria and Lower Austria. On his part, Frederick was elected, between 1440 and 1452, King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor. With this dignity, he conceded and made official, in 1453, the Habsburg title of Archduke, elevating officially the Duchy in an Archduchy, which he came to inherit a few years later. In 1490, despite having reunited all of Austria, Frederick's rule wasn't always uncontested:
| ||||||
| Frederick V the Peaceful |  |
21 September 1415 Innsbruck First son of Ernest and Cymburgis of Masovia |
10 June 1424 –1490 | Duchy of Inner Austria (1424-53) Archduchy of Inner Austria (1453-90) |
Eleanor of Portugal 16 March 1452 Rome five children |
19 August 1493 Linz aged 77 | |
| 1490 -19 August 1493 | Archduchy of Austria | ||||||
| Albert VI the Prodigal |  |
12 September 1418 Vienna Third son of Ernest and Cymburgis of Masovia |
10 June 1424 –2 December 1463 | Duchy of Inner Austria (1424-53) Archduchy of Inner Austria (1453-63) |
Mathilde of the Palatinate 1452 Vienna no issue |
2 December 1463 Vienna aged 45 | |
| Maximilian I the Last Knight |  |
22 March 1459 Wiener Neustadt Second son of Frederick V and Eleanor of Portugal |
19 August 1493 –12 January 1519 | Archduchy of Austria | (1) Mary of Burgundy 18 August 1477 Ghent three children (2) Anne of Brittany 18 December 1490 Rennes no issue (3) Bianca Maria Sforza 16 March 1494 Hall in Tirol no issue |
12 January 1519 Wels aged 59 |
In 1490, he reconquered lost Austrian lands after Matthias Corvinus's death and persuaded his cousin Sigismund to cede Tyrol to him.[5][6] Appointed King of the Romans in 1486 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1508. His first marriage allowed him to extend Habsburg domain over the Low Countries. |
| Charles I |  |
24 February 1500 Ghent Eldest son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile |
12 January 1519 –1521/1556 | Archduchy of Austria | Isabella of Portugal 10 March 1526 Seville seven children |
21 September 1558 Yuste aged 58 |
Grandson of his predecessor. Through his mother he gained, in 1516, the recently unified Kingdom of Spain, founding a Spanish branch of the Habsburgs that came to rule until 1700. In 1519,he inherited the Austrian Archduchy, and was the first solely elected (not crowned) King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V). In 1521, he abdicated from Austria to his brother, but continued to rule behind him until 1556. In this year, Charles abdicated of all his possessions and retired to the Monastery of Yuste. |
| Ferdinand I under Charles I (1521-1556) |
 |
10 March 1503 Alcalá de Henares Second son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile |
1521/1556 –25 July 1564 | Archduchy of Austria | Anne of Bohemia and Hungary 25 May 1521 Linz fifteen children |
25 July 1564 Vienna aged 61 |
Brother of the predecessor. While Charles I's son Philip II of Spain inherited the "Western" possessions (Low Countries, Spain with ultramarine lands, and Italian states), Ferdinand inherited the rest (Austrian possessions), while gaining the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia, and came to be elected King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor in 1556, after his brother's abdication. |
In 1564, after Ferdinand I's death, the Archduchy was once more divided between his sons:
| |||||||
| Name | Portrait | Born | Reign | Ruling part | Consort | Death | Notes |
| Maximilian II |  |
31 July 1527 Vienna Eldest son of Ferdinand I and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary |
25 July 1564 –12 October 1576 | Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria | Maria of Spain 13 September 1548 Valladolid sixteen children |
12 October 1576 Regensburg aged 49 |
Maximilian, as the eldest son, was elected King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor in 1564, and inherited also the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia. |
| Ferdinand II |  |
14 June 1529 Linz Second son of Ferdinand I and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary |
25 July 1564 –24 January 1595 | Archduchy of Further Austria (with County of Tyrol) |
(1) Philippine Welser ca. 1576 four children (2) Anne Juliana Gonzaga 14 May 1582 Innsbruck three daughters |
24 January 1595 Innsbruck aged 65 |
Had descendants, but from his morganatic marriage, making them unsuitable for succession; his lands were eventually inherited by the senior Austrian line. |
| Charles II[7] |  |
3 June 1540 Vienna Fourth son of Ferdinand I and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary |
25 July 1564 –10 July 1590 | Archduchy of Inner Austria | Maria Anna of Bavaria 26 August 1571 Vienna fifteen children |
10 July 1590 Graz aged 50 |
Unlike his brother Maximilian, Charles was Catholic and promoted the Counter-Reformation in his domains. |
| Rudolf V |  |
18 July 1552 Vienna Second son of Maximilian II and Maria of Spain |
12 October 1576 –1608 | Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria | Unmarried | 20 January 1612 Prague aged 59 |
Also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and Hungary. Rudolf is seen as an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to the Thirty Years' War; as a great and influential patron of Northern Mannerist art; and an intellectual devotee of occult arts and learning which helped seed what would be called the scientific revolution. |
| Matthias |  |
24 February 1557 Vienna Fourth son of Maximilian II and Maria of Spain |
24 January 1595 –26 June 1612 2 November 1618 –20 March 1619 |
Archduchy of Further Austria (with County of Tyrol) |
Anna of Tyrol 4 December 1611 Vienna no issue |
20 March 1619 Vienna aged 62 |
Also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and Hungary. |
| 1608 –20 March 1619 | Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria (with County of Tyrol 1612-18) | ||||||
| Maximilian III |  |
12 October 1558 Vienna Sixth son of Maximilian II and Maria of Spain |
26 June 1612 –2 November 1618 | Archduchy of Further Austria | Unmarried | 2 November 1618 Vienna aged 60 |
In 1587 stood as a candidate to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He also held regency of the Lower and Upper Austria 1593–1595. |
| Albert VII |  |
13 November 1559 Wiener Neustadt Fifth son of Maximilian II and Maria of Spain |
20 March –9 October 1619 | Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria | Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain 18 April 1599 Valencia no children |
13 July 1621 Brussels aged 61 |
Also Viceroy of Portugal under Philip II of Spain, and ruler of the Low Countries (1598-1621). Ruled a few months as archduke, before abdicating. By this he made possible a new reunion of Austria. |
In 1619, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand III of Austria) reunited the Archduchy, but, as consequence of the Thirty Years' War, he felt the need to divide the land once more:
| |||||||
| Name | Portrait | Born | Reign | Ruling part | Consort | Death | Notes |
| Regencies of Ernest of Austria (1590-1593) and Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria (1593-1595) | Also Holy Roman Emperor (1619-1637), and King of Hungary and Bohemia. In 1619 he reunited Austria, but divided it again. | ||||||
| Ferdinand III |  |
9 July 1578 Graz Second son of Charles II and Maria Anna of Bavaria |
10 July 1590 –9 October 1619 | Archduchy of Inner Austria | (1) Maria Anna of Bavaria 23 April 1600 Graz seven children (2) Eleonor Gonzaga 2 February 1622 Innsbruck no issue |
15 February 1637 Vienna aged 58 | |
| 9 October 1619 –1623 | Archduchy of Austria | ||||||
| 1623 –15 February 1637 | Archduchy of Lower and Inner Austria | ||||||
| Leopold V |  |
9 October 1586 Graz Fifth son of Charles II and Maria Anna of Bavaria |
1623 –13 September 1632 | Archduchy of Further Austria | Claudia de' Medici 19 April 1626 Innsbruck five children |
13 September 1632 Schwaz aged 45 |
When he was chosen as archduke regnant, he abdicated his ecclesiastical status (held the Bishoprics of Passau and Strasbourg) to get married and have children. |
| Regency of Claudia de' Medici (1632-1646) | |||||||
| Ferdinand Charles |  |
17 May 1628 Innsbruck Eldest son of Leopold V and Claudia de' Medici |
13 September 1632 –30 December 1662 | Archduchy of Further Austria | Anna de' Medici 10 June 1646 Innsbruck two daughters |
30 December 1662 Kaltern aged 34 | |
| Ferdinand IV |  |
13 July 1608 Graz Third son of Ferdinand III and Maria Anna of Bavaria |
15 February 1637 –2 April 1657 | Lower Austria and Inner Austria | (1) Maria Anna of Spain 20 February 1631 Vienna six children (2) Maria Leopoldine of Austria 2 July 1648 Linz one son (3) Eleonora Gonzaga 30 April 1651 Wiener Neustadt four children |
2 April 1657 Vienna aged 48 |
Also Holy Roman Emperor (1637-1657), and King of Hungary and Bohemia. |
| Sigismund Francis |  |
27 November 1630 Innsbruck Second son of Leopold V and Claudia de' Medici |
30 December 1662 –25 June 1665 | Archduchy of Further Austria | Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach 13 June 1665 Sulzbach no issue |
25 June 1665 Innsbruck aged 34 |
Brother of the predecessor. After his death, his territories reverted to the elder line. |
| Leopold VI |  |
9 June 1640 Vienna Fourth son of Ferdinand IV and Maria Anna of Spain |
2 April 1657 –25 June 1665 | Archduchy of Lower and Inner Austria | (1) Margaret Theresa of Spain 12 December 1666 Vienna four children (2) Claudia Felicitas of Austria 15 October 1673 Graz two daughters (3) Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg 14 December 1676 Passau eleven children |
5 May 1705 Vienna aged 64 |
Also Holy Roman Emperor, and King of Bohemia and Hungary. In 1665, he unified Austria once more. |
| 25 June 1665 –5 May 1705 | Archduchy of Austria | ||||||
| Joseph I |  |
26 July 1678 Vienna Eldest son of Leopold VI and Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg |
5 May 1705 –17 April 1711 | Archduchy of Austria | Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick 10 June 1646 Vienna three children |
17 April 1711 Vienna aged 32 |
Also Holy Roman Emperor, and King of Bohemia and Hungary. |
| Charles III |  |
1 October 1685 Vienna Second son of Leopold VI and Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg |
17 April 1711 –20 October 1740 | Archduchy of Austria | Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1 August 1708 Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona five children |
20 October 1740 Vienna aged 55 |
Also Holy Roman Emperor, and King of Bohemia and Hungary. In 1700, he claimed the Kingdom of Spain in the War of Spanish Succession (1700-1713). |
| Maria Theresa with Francis I Stephen (1740–1765) Joseph II (1765–1780) |
.jpg.webp) |
13 May 1717 Hofburg Imperial Palace Eldest daughter of Charles III and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |
20 October 1740 –29 November 1780 | Archduchy of Austria | 12 February 1736 Vienna sixteen children |
29 November 1780 Hofburg Imperial Palace aged 63 |
Also Queen of Bohemia and Hungary. |
| Francis I Stephen with Maria Theresa (1740–1765) |
 |
8 December 1708 Nancy Fourth son of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine and Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans |
20 October 1740 –18 August 1765 | Archduchy of Austria | 18 August 1765 Innsbruck aged 56 |
Also Holy Roman Emperor (1740-1765). Exchanged his original Duchy of Lorraine for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1737). | |
| The Austrian agnatic branch ended in 1780 with the death of Maria Theresa of Austria and was replaced by a combination of the Austrian cognatic branch of the Habsburgs and the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. The new successor house styled itself as Habsburg-Lorraine (Habsburg-Lothringen). All Habsburgs living today are in the agnatic descendants of Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen. | |||||||
| Name | Portrait | Born | Reign | Ruling part | Consort | Death | Notes |
| Joseph II |  |
13 March 1741 Vienna Eldest son of Francis I Stephen and Maria Theresa |
29 November 1780 –20 February 1790 | Archduchy of Austria (Habsburg-Lorraine) |
(1) Isabella of Parma 6 October 1760 Vienna two daughters (2) Maria Josepha of Bavaria 23 January 1765 Schönbrunn no issue |
20 February 1790 Vienna aged 48 |
Co-ruling with his mother since the death of his father. Also Holy Roman Emperor (1765-1790). |
| Leopold VII |  |
5 May 1747 Vienna Third son of Francis I and Maria Theresa |
20 February 1790 –1 March 1792 | Archduchy of Austria (Habsburg-Lorraine) |
Maria Luisa of Spain 16 February 1764 Innsbruck sixteen children |
1 March 1792 Vienna aged 44 |
Had a brief reign. Also elected Holy Roman Emperor (1790-1792). |
| Francis II |  |
12 February 1768 Florence Eldest son of Leopold VII and Maria Luisa of Spain |
1 March 1792 –11 August 1804 | Archduchy of Austria (Habsburg-Lorraine) |
(1) Elisabeth of Württemberg 6 January 1788 Vienna one daughter (2) Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 15 September 1790 Vienna 12 children (3) Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este 6 January 1808 Vienna no issue (4) Caroline Augusta of Bavaria 29 October 1816 Vienna no issue |
2 March 1835 Vienna aged 67 |
In 1804 Francis adopted the new title Emperor of Austria, but kept the title of Archduke of Austria. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved. |
Emperors of Austria (1804–1918)
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Francis I Franz Joseph Karl |
11 August 1804 – 2 March 1835 (30 years, 6 months and 19 days) |
12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835 (aged 67) | |
 |
Ferdinand I Ferdinand Karl Leopold Joseph Franz Marcelin |
2 March 1835 – 2 December 1848 (13 years and 9 months) |
Son of Francis I | 19 April 1793 – 29 June 1875 (aged 82) |
 |
Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph Karl |
2 December 1848 – 21 November 1916 (67 years, 11 months and 19 days) |
Nephew of Ferdinand I; grandson of Francis I | 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916 (aged 86) |
 |
Charles I Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria |
21 November 1916 – 12 November 1918 (1 year, 11 months and 22 days) |
Grand-Nephew of Francis Joseph I; great-great-grandson of Francis I | 17 August 1887 – 1 April 1922 (aged 34) |
See also
References
- His numbering, if counted as I, reflects, not the ducal succession of the Babenbergs (being in fact the third ruler of Austria bearing this name), but of the comital Habsburgs, being the first member of the family with this name. However, he may have adopted his German numeral III in Austria, as the next de facto rulers of Austria who bore the same name styled themselves as Frederick IV and Frederick V.
- His numbering reflects, not the ducal succession of the Babenbergs (being in fact the seventh ruler of Austria bearing this name), but of the comital Habsburgs, being the first member of the family with this name.
- Numbered III by including the titular duke Leopold II (1339-1344)
- Numbered IV by including either only the de facto duke Frederick the Fair, sometimes numbered III, or by including the titular dukes Frederick (II) (1339-1344) and Frederick (III) (1347–1362).
- Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (1 June 2019). The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 255, 278. ISBN 978-1-4408-4856-8. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- Fichtner, Paula Sutter (7 March 2017). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490-1848: Attributes of Empire. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-137-10642-1. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- In German Articles and Books these Archdukes' names and titles are normally completed with the territorial names of their Duchy as: "Charles II of Inner Austria" = "Karl der II. von Inner Österreich"
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