Arkansas Traveler (folklore)

The Arkansas Traveler, or Arkansas Traveller, is a figure of American folklore and popular culture from the first half of the 19th-century.[1][2][3] The character is said to have originated with Sandford C. Faulkner.[1]

For for all alternative meanings, see Arkansas Traveler.
The Arkansas Traveller on his weary way (an advertisement from 1900 for ham)
The Arkansas Traveller on his weary way (an advertisement from 1900 for ham)
U. S. Air Force's Lockheed P-38 (October 1944) named the 'Arkansas Traveler' at Clastres Airfield, France
U. S. Air Force's Lockheed P-38 (October 1944) named the 'Arkansas Traveler' at Clastres Airfield, France

It has had a widespread impact on culture as the namesake of newspapers, radio and television shows, a baseball team, a fruit variety, and an honorary title awarded by the governor of the state of Arkansas.[4] The character has also been perceived as a discriminatory stereotype of 'hillbillies' and has been heavily criticized.

Origins

The tale is said to have originated with Sandford C. Faulkner (1806–1874) a Kentucky-born raconteur, fiddler, and planter.[2][5][6][7] He owned a plantation in Chicot County, Arkansas.[1] Faulkner's tale about 'Arkansas Traveler' influenced the creation of Mose Case's mid-19th century folk song "Arkansas Traveler," has since become the official state historic song of Arkansas since 1987.[8]

Story

There are numerous variations of the story; supposedly it was an event that occurred on the campaign trail in Arkansas in 1840 to Sandford C. Faulkner. A well-dressed traveler on horseback, the Arkansas Traveler, meets a fiddle-playing settler (sometimes described as a squatter) and the traveler asks for a place to sleep in his humble home.[1] The settler initially rejects him, pointing out the cramped conditions and his poverty, and continues to try in vain to play a melody on the fiddle. The traveler then plays a whole tune on the settler's fiddle, whereupon the settler enthusiastically offers him board and lodging.[9]

Influence and legacy
See also: Arkansas Traveler (radio show) and The Arkansas Traveler (newspaper)

Fine art

Edward Payson Washburn was one of the best-known artists in Arkansas during the Antebellum-era. He painted "Arkansas Traveler" in 1856 based on the story he heard from Faulkner.[10][11] The painting went on to inspire a series of prints, in 1859, Leopold Grozelier created a lithograph of the Washburn painting; and in 1870, Currier and Ives created two lithographs of the Washburn painting.[12][13]

  • Fine art prints related to the Arkansas Traveler folklore
  • Lithograph from 1859 after a painting by Edward P. Washburn, lithographed by Leopold Grozelier
    Lithograph from 1859 by Leopold Grozelier, after the painting Washburn
  • Lithography from 1870 by Currier and Ives after the painting Washburn
    Lithography from 1870 by Currier and Ives after the painting Washburn
  • Lithography from 1870 by Currier and Ives after the painting Washburn
    Lithography from 1870 by Currier and Ives after the painting Washburn

Vaudeville stage

"The Arkansas Traveler" was a popular comedy sketch on the vaudeville circuit.[2] It revolved around the encounter of a (usually lost) traveling city person with a local, wise-cracking fiddle player. Various jokes at the expense of the "city slicker" were interspersed with instrumental versions of the song. In many versions, the city person is also a fiddle player, and as the sketch progresses, eventually learns the tune and plays along with the country bumpkin.

Music
See also: The Arkansas Traveler (song)

An phonograph cylinder recording of the song survives, from around 1890.[2] The contemporary singer Michelle Shocked includes a vaudeville-style version of "Arkansas Traveler" on her 1992 album of the same name.[14] Jerry Garcia and David Grisman also do a version on their 1993 album Not for Kids Only.[15]

Film
See also: The Arkansas Traveler (film)

"The Arkansas Traveler" was frequently featured in animated cartoons in the 1930s and 1940s, most prolifically by Carl Stalling in music he composed for the Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes series.[16] It usually was played, sloppily, when a yokel, hillbilly, or "country bumpkin" character would appear on screen. A slow version of the "Bringing home a baby bumble-bee" version is sung by Beaky Buzzard in the short The Bashful Buzzard.[17]

The popularity and joyfulness of "The Arkansas Traveler" was attested to in the 1932 Academy Award-winning Laurel and Hardy short, The Music Box. In this film, the boys labored to haul a player piano up a long flight of stairs and into a house through a bedroom window. Near the conclusion of their adventure, as they are starting to clean up the mess surrounding the newly installed piano, Stan and Ollie play a roll of "Patriotic Melodies". They dance with much grace and amusement to "The Arkansas Traveler", followed briefly by "Dixie". Marvin Hatley, who composed Laurel and Hardy's "Cuckoo" theme song, was the pianist for this sequence; the player piano was not real.

Arkansas Traveler award
Main article: Arkansas Traveler (honorary title)

The Arkansas Traveler Award, is an honorary title bestowed by the state on notable individuals who, through their actions serve as goodwill ambassadors for the state of Arkansas in the United States.[18]

Reception

Arkansas Traveler tale has been subject to criticism, and the tale has changed over the years. Some Arkansans have been embarrassed by the tale, because of the stereotypes of ignorant people living in the backwoods, and of 'hillbillies'.[7]

References
  1. Pope, William F. (1895). Early Days in Arkansas: Being for the Most Part the Personal Recollections of an Old Settler. F. W. Allsopp. pp. 230–233. ISBN 978-0-89308-071-6.
  2. "Arkansas History: The Story of the Arkansas Traveler". Arkansas Secretary of State. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  3. "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  4. Brown, Sarah (1987). ""The Arkansas Traveller:" Southwest Humor on Canvas". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 46 (4): 348–375. doi:10.2307/40025957. ISSN 0004-1823. JSTOR 40025957.
  5. "Death of Col. S. C. Faulkner". Daily Arkansas Gazette. August 5, 1874. Retrieved 2023-04-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. Ross, Margaret Smith (1955). "Sandford C. Faulkner". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 14 (4): 301–314. ISSN 0004-1823. JSTOR 40027531.
  7. Maraniss, David (1992-07-02). "In The Shoes of the Arkansas Traveler". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  8. Bluestein, Gene (1962). ""The Arkansas Traveler" and the Strategy of American Humor". Western Folklore. 21 (3): 153–160. doi:10.2307/1496953. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 1496953.
  9. Hudgins, Mary D. (Summer 1971). "Arkansas Traveler: A Multi-Parented Wayfarer". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 30 (2): 145–160. doi:10.2307/40038074. JSTOR 40038074.
  10. Dillard, Tom; Reed, Roy (2010-04-01). Statesmen, Scoundrels, and Eccentrics: A Gallery of Amazing Arkansans. University of Arkansas Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-55728-927-8.
  11. "Things of the past". Arkansas Online. 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  12. Mercer, H. C. (March 1896). "On the Track of the Arkansas Traveller". Century Magazine. 5: 707–712.
  13. Brown, Sarah (Winter 1987). "The Arkansas Traveller: Southwest Humor on Canvas". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 46 (4): 348–375. doi:10.2307/40025957. JSTOR 40025957.
  14. Caughie, Pamela L. (1999). Passing and Pedagogy: The Dynamics of Responsibility. University of Illinois Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-252-06770-9.
  15. "'This Record Belongs To ...' introduces kids to the joys of music on vinyl, complete with turntable". Los Angeles Times. 2015-12-12. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  16. Animation Magazine. Animation Magazine. October 1994. p. 75.
  17. Friedwald, Will; Beck, Jerry (1981). The Warner Brothers Cartoons. Scarecrow Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8108-1396-0.
  18. Rhodes, Sonny (2016-07-01). "Historical Gems: History of the Arkansas Traveler". AY Magazine. Retrieved 2023-04-26.

Further reading
  • Botkin, Benjamin A., ed. (1944). A Treasury of American Folklore. Stories, Ballads, and Traditions of the People. New York City, NY: Crown Publishers. pp. 321–322, and 346–349. ISBN 9780517507667.
  • Brown, Sarah (1987). "The Arkansas Traveler: Southwest Humor on Canvas". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 46 (4): 348–375. doi:10.2307/40025957. JSTOR 40025957.
  • Case, Mose (1863). Mose Case's War Songster: containing union and war songs of his own composition: comprising a history of the rebellion to which is added Mose's adventures in Mexico. Buffalo, New York: Franklin Printing House. OCLC 58663881.
  • Dillard, Tom; Reed, Roy (2010). Statesmen, Scoundrels, and Eccentrics: A Gallery of Amazing Arkansans. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 9781557289278.
  • Hancox, Louise: The Redemption of the Arkansas Traveler. In: The Ozark Historical Review. Spring 2009, Vol. XXXIIX, pp. 1–30, Digit , PDF, 592 KB
  • Harrison, Fennimore (1881). The Arkansas Traveler. A New Eccentric Comedy in Four Acts. New Orleans, LA. ISBN 9781334137280.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Henry Chapman Mercer: On the Track of the Arkansas Traveler. In: The Century Magazine . March 1896, pp. 707–712, digitized
  • Pope, William F. (1895). Pope, Dunbar H. (ed.). Early Days in Arkansas: Being for the Most Part the Personal Recollections of an Old Settler. F. W. Allsopp. ISBN 9780893080716.
  • The Arkansas Traveller's Songster: Containing the Celebrated Story of the Arkansas Traveller, With the Music for Violin or Piano, and also, An Extensive and Choice Collection of New and Popular Comic and Sentimental Songs. New York City, NY: Dick & Fitzgerald. 1863. OCLC 81517130.
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