Armistice Day centenary

The Armistice Day centenary, signifying one hundred years since the Armistice that ended World War I on the Western Front, was marked on 11 November 2018. Commemorative events were planned in the weeks leading up to the centenary itself, including a gathering of over 70 heads of state and government in Paris. A series of Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day commemorations, ceremonies and speeches were held across Europe, the Commonwealth and the United States, as well as in other locations throughout the world.

This article is about the events marking the centenary of the WWI Armistice. For the recurring memorial day, see Armistice Day.

Armistice Day centenary
Part of the First World War centenary
Top to bottom, left to right:
  1. World leaders and dignitaries under the Arc de Triomphe
  2. Relatives of Gavrilo Princip and Archduke Franz Ferdinand shaking hands
  3. Remembrance Day ceremony in Toronto
  4. Commemorative exhibition at London King's Cross
Date11 November 2018 (2018-11-11)
Participants
  • National representatives and international organizations (see § Participants)
  • Thematic institutions
  • Relatives of World War I veterans

Background
Main article: Armistice of 11 November 1918

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was signed near the French town of Compiègne between the Allies (led by Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch) and Germany (represented by Matthias Erzberger), after similar agreements had been made with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. The agreements made by both sides included the cessation of all hostilities on the Western Front. It was officially signed at 5:45 am on 11 November and came into effect later that morning at 11 am Paris time.[1] Following the end of the war, 11 November is commemorated as an annual day of remembrance in multiple countries under different names (Armistice Day, Remembrance Day in Commonwealth countries and Veterans Day in the United States).

France
The Franco-German memorial plaque at Compiègne

Commemorative events were organized as part of the French government's wider Mission Centenaire committee.[2]

The programme began on 4 November 2018, when President Emmanuel Macron and his spouse Brigitte Macron hosted German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the Strasbourg Cathedral. A concert was held in their presence, and the flags of France, Germany and the European Union were hoisted outside the cathedral.[3]

In the lead up to the centenary itself, President Macron carried out a "memorial tour", visiting symbolic locations on the Western Front. The tour was met with backlash, particularly "drawing the scorn of ordinary French voters over his perceived metropolitan disregard for their pocketbook concerns."[4] Macron also announced that writer Maurice Genevoix, author of numerous books on the First World War, would be listed on the Panthéon in 2019, alongside 14 other authors.[5]

In overseas France, which contributed to the wider French war effort, the number of Réunionese troops killed in action was readjusted to 1,693, leading to the island issuing a renewal of the plaques on its war memorials on the eve of the commemoration of the centenary.[6]

On 10 November, Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited the Glade of the Armistice at Compiègne, where they laid a wreath, unveiled a reconciliatory plaque and signed a book of remembrance in a replica of the railway carriage where the Armistice was signed.[7] The visit was symbolic as it marked the first time that French and German leaders had visited the site since 1945.[8]

On the same day, Macron held a bilateral meeting with US President Donald Trump at the Élysée Palace. The meeting was timed a day after Trump published a tweet saying Europe should "first pay its fair share" of NATO in response to the former's suggestions for a continental European army.[9][10]

At 11:00 CET on 11 November, bells across France rang simultaneously to mark a century since the armistice came into force, including at Notre-Dame de Paris and churches in overseas territories such as Wallis and Futuna.[11][12]

The European Broadcasting Union organized a commemorative concert at the Royal Opera of Versailles with performances by the Vienna Philharmonic, entitled the "Concert for Peace."[13] In La Force, Dordogne, violinist Pierre Hamel from the Orchestre Colonne performed at a concert using a metal violin assembled by soldiers in the trenches.[14]

A series of religious memorial services were organized, including an international mass at Notre-Dame de Paris, conducted by Archbishop Michel Aupetit.[15]

International ceremony
Emmanuel Macron during his commemorative address

Macron outlined plans to host a commemoration ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe followed by an inaugural peace forum on the occasion of the centenary.[16]

The Arc de Triomphe event began at roughly 11:20 on 11 November, with a performance of the national anthem La Marseillaise and an inspection of troops by Macron,[17] followed by a roll call of French soldiers killed in the preceding year and a second rendition of La Marseillaise by an army choir.[18] The event included performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma, French violinist Renaud Capuçon and Beninese musician Angélique Kidjo, and 1918 testimonies being read out by a group of teenage students.[lower-alpha 1][21]

Macron delivered a speech in which he denounced nationalism as a "betrayal of patriotism", and warned of the resurgence of "old demons".[22][23] His address was followed by a performance of Ravel's Bolero by the European Union Youth Orchestra.[24]

The end of the ceremony included a rekindling of the Tomb to the Unknown Soldier, where Macron also laid a wreath. The "Sonnerie aux morts" and a minute of silence, concluding with the "Cessez-le-feu" bugle call, marked the end of the commemorations.[25][26]

The inaugural Paris Peace Forum was opened at the Grande halle de la Villette in the afternoon, with Macron, Merkel and United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres giving remarks.[27]

Participants
Countries with representatives who attended

Over 120 foreign guests, including 72 heads of state and government and representatives of several international organizations, were reported to have attended the commemorations in Paris.[2][28][29] According to the French presidential office, only countries "which sent troops or workers to the European theaters of war" were invited to be represented.[30] In preparation for the events, around 10,000 police officers, gendarmes and soldiers were placed on duty.[29]

US President Donald Trump, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu used their own transportation—ultimately showing up late to the ceremony venue—due to security concerns, in contrast to other guests who were taken to the venue at the Arc de Triomphe in buses.[26][31][32]

Visiting dignitaries were invited to an official reception dinner at the Musée d'Orsay on the evening of 10 November,[33] and attended a reception at the Élysée Palace the following morning.[26] All foreign guests were invited to a luncheon at the Élysée immediately after the commemorations concluded, with their consorts gathering at the Palace of Versailles.[31][34] Most participants at the aforementioned ceremony also attended the Paris Peace Forum, with Trump notably opting to instead visit the Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial, where he made an address before returning to Washington.[27][35]

French dignitaries
International

Present at the Arc de Triomphe commemorations unless stated otherwise.[38][39][40][33]

International organizations

Controversies

In October 2018, reports circulated in the French press that Philippe Pétain, who served in the Battle of Verdun and later led Nazi-aligned Vichy France, would be paid tribute at the Hôtel des Invalides alongside other World War I marshals. In response, the office of the Élysée said it didn't understand how such a tribute "ended up there", explaining that it was "not in the [official] program".[60] President Macron in particular described Pétain as a "great soldier", while remarking that he made "disastrous choices" during the Nazi occupation.[4] The resulting public controversy led to the tribute to Pétain being withdrawn from the schedule.

A planned visit by US President Donald Trump to the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial, due on 10 November, was cancelled due to what the White House termed "bad weather".[61] The decision was met with harsh criticism, particularly from former Obama national security advisor Ben Rhodes and British Conservative politician Nicholas Soames, a grandson of Winston Churchill.[62]

During the procession to the Arc de Triomphe, Trump's motorcade passed by a topless woman who ran towards it and was quickly dragged out by French police. The radical feminist group Femen claimed responsibility for the incident.[63] French police had already arrested three Femen demonstrators who staged a protest at the Arc de Triomphe on the morning of 10 November welcoming "war criminals".[lower-alpha 4][65][66] Anti-Trump demonstrations were additionally held at the Place de la République.[67]

The seating arrangement caused a major controversy in Serbia. As the Serbian army had a pivotal role in forcing both Bulgaria and Austro-Hungary out of the war, with Serbia itself having the most extensive casualties compared to its population number and a historical friendship with France, the positioning of Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić away from the frontline seating areas in place of representatives of countries which were on the opposing side in the war or didn't even exist as separate states at the time, was taken as an insult in Serbia.[68][69][70]

United Kingdom

On 4 November, 10,000 torches were lit in the moat of the Tower of London, in an artistic installation entitled Beyond the Deepening Shadow which repeated nightly ending on 11 November.[71]

The Shrouds of the Somme, designed by artist Rob Heard and comprising 72,396 shrouded figures representing all servicemen from the British Commonwealth with no known grave, was laid out at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, being on display from 8 to 18 November 2018.[72]

On 9 November, Prime Minister Theresa May and French President Emmanuel Macron jointly paid respects at the Thiepval Memorial in northern France. May also laid wreaths at the graves of John Parr and George Edwin Ellison, respectively the first and last British soldiers killed during the war, during a visit to the St Symphorien Military Cemetery in Belgium. Her wreaths were engraved with handwritten messages, invoking wartime poems to express gratitude to the dead for being "staunch to the end".[73]

Remembrance Sunday
The National Service of Remembrance for Wales at the Welsh National War Memorial

As Remembrance Sunday in 2018 fell on 11 November, the National Service of Remembrance was held concurrently with other commemorative events in Europe.

The service at the Cenotaph in London began at 11:00 GMT, with a two-minute silence being observed, after which Prince Charles then laid the first wreath on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II.[57][74] Thousands were able to pay respect to relatives and soldiers killed in the war during a march past the memorial.[75] Despite ongoing renovations, the Big Ben rang eleven times at 12:30 GMT.[76][77]

German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier was invited to attend as a special guest, becoming the first German leader to lay a wreath at the Cenotaph.[22] The Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport described his presence as "a symbol of the friendship that exists between the two countries today".[74] A memorial service was held in the evening at Westminster Abbey, where Steinmeier read out a passage from 1 St John 4: 7–11 in German.[22] The Queen and several senior royal family members also attended a remembrance concert.[78]

Similar commemorative events were held across the United Kingdom's constituent countries. In Scotland, Princess Anne attended a service at Glasgow Cathedral, while First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and other officials laid wreaths.[79]

Other locations

Commemorative events took place in Canada, Hong Kong, Italy, Myanmar, Romania, and Russia on the occasion of the centenary.[80][81][82][22]

Ceremonies in Kenya and Zambia were scheduled for 25 November 2018; German forces fighting in Northern Rhodesia only received news of the armistice on 14 November 1918, and eventually surrendered later that month.[83][84] In Voi, the Commonwealth War Cemetery hosted a small ceremony, which was attended by British and German diplomats; a Kenyan army bugler played the Last Post during the ceremony, and wreaths were laid by a Kenyan general and some local and international visitors.[85] The Zambian government sponsored a centenary event organized by the Zambian tourism agency in the town of Mbala, saying that attraction to the region would unlock the "tourism and investment potential of Northern Province".[84][86]

Australia
Part of the crowd outside the Australian War Memorial prior to the 2018 Remembrance Day ceremony

A minute of silence was observed nationally in remembrance of Australian soldiers who fought and died in overseas conflicts. Prime Minister Scott Morrison addressed a crowd of more than 12,000 attending during a national Remembrance Day service in Canberra. A centenary extension of the Anzac Memorial in Sydney was also opened to the public.[87][88]

In addition, over a thousand people attended a commemoration at the Australian National Memorial in the French town of Villers-Bretonneux.[87]

Belgium

National commemorations were held in the Belgian capital of Brussels. In an address, King Philippe pledged with people to keep alive the memory of the war, and to "engage together in building a world of peace."[89] A dove and 11 pigeons were released during the memorial service.[89]

In Ypres, a series of tributes to Commonwealth veterans was attended by the Minister-President of Flanders, Geert Bourgeois.[90] The Last Post, traditionally performed in the evening since 1928, was additionally played at 11:00 CET on the occasion of the centenary.[90]

In Mons, celebrations were held marking the anniversary of Canadian troops taking over the city from the Germans, in the final leg of Canada's Hundred Days.[91][92] The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada led a recreated Armistice parade through the city.[93]

Germany

Public memorialization of the First World War was muted, mainly owing to the defeat of the German Empire and the chronology of events resulting from the aftermath of the war.[94] Nonetheless, some individual events were organized, including a religious service at the Berlin Cathedral, and an exhibition showcasing works by 31 international artists representing countries involved in WWI peace negotiations.[lower-alpha 5][94][95]

Hungary

The Hungarian National Bank released a series of commemorative coins on 16 October 2018, which included a silver collector coin with a face value of 10,000 Hungarian forint and a non-ferrous metal variant with a fifth of the face value.[96]

India

A memorial service was held at the Delhi War Cemetery, where Indian and British delegates laid wreaths. Conservative MP Tom Tugendhat led the British delegation and was joined by Sir Dominic Asquith, British High Commissioner to India, and defence attaché Brigadier Mark Goldsack.[97]

In a series of tweets, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Indian troops and pledged to "further an atmosphere of harmony and brotherhood".[98][99]

Ireland

A commemoration service at Glasnevin Cemetery was attended by President Michael D. Higgins, who was due to be sworn in for a second term, and representatives of at least 47 countries. The Last Post was played during the ceremony.[100][101]

Luxembourg

A ceremony was held at the Gëlle Fra monument in the capital during the late afternoon, in the presence of Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg as well as Prime Minister Xavier Bettel. Bettel also paid tribute to war casualties.[102]

New Zealand

The Pukeahu National War Memorial Park in Wellington hosted an Armistice commemoration service, which was organized as part of the wider New Zealand WW100 commemorations. A 100-gun salute was held at the Wellington waterfront, and two minutes of silence were observed at 11:00 NZDT, followed by a cacophony of noise replicating how the public initially reacted to the news of the Armistice a century prior. Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern gave speeches at the event.[103][104][105]

United States

The National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri hosted a ceremony in which participants and relatives of WWI veterans tolled a "bell of peace" and laid wreaths in memory of those killed in the war.[106] The Washington National Cathedral organized a commemorative worship service.[107]

President Donald Trump proposed that a military parade at the Capitol be held on 10 November to mark the centenary, in admiration of France's Bastille Day military parade (which Trump attended as a guest in 2017). However, Trump cancelled the proposed event in August 2018 over cost concerns, with estimates that the parade would have cost as much as US$92 million.[108][109][110]

Vatican City

In remarks made during a weekly Angelus address, Pope Francis appealed for a rejection of a "culture of war", quoting Benedict XV, who served as pope during the majority of the First World War, and reflecting on the occasion of St. Martin's Day, which also fell on 11 November. The bells at St. Peter's Basilica were tolled in the afternoon in unison with other church bells across Europe.[111]

See also

Notes
  1. Ma played the sarabande from Bach's Suite No. 5 in C minor, and later performed the second movement of Ravel's Sonata for Violin and Cello with Capuçon.[19] Kidjo sang the Ewe song Blewu, in homage to colonial troops.[20][21]
  2. Present only at the Musée d'Orsay reception.
  3. Ali Bongo Ondimba, the then-President of Gabon, was unable to attend as initially scheduled following a stroke.[49]
  4. In a statement, Femen specifically cited Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Benjamin Netanyahu and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as examples.[64]
  5. Twenty-nine signatory states of the Treaty of Versailles and Paris Peace Conference, as well as Russia and Ukraine.

References
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Works cited
  • Strachan, H. (2001). The First World War: To Arms. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926191-8.

Further reading
  • S. Sumartojo, Experiencing 11 November 2018 – Commemoration and the First World War Centenary, Routledge, 2020. ISBN 1-350-15531-4.
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