Aufrica de Connoght
Aufrica de Connoght,[2] also known as Affrica de Counnought,[3] Affreca de Counnoght,[4] Auffricia de Connaught,[5] and Aufrica de Cunnoght,[6] was a fourteenth-century woman who claimed to be an heiress of Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles, and who had some sort of connection with Simon de Montagu.
![](../I/Aufrica_de_Connoght.jpg.webp)
Manx claims
![Refer to caption](../I/King_of_Mann_(coat_of_arms%252C_Armorial_Wijnbergen).jpg.webp)
In 1264, with the collapse of Norwegian sovereignty along the western seaboard of Scotland, Alexander III, King of Scotland forced the submission of Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles.[8] The following year, Magnús died without a legitimate heir, and his island realm was annexed by Alexander.[9] After the latter's death in 1286, Edward I, King of England claimed overlordship of Scotland, and subsequently recognised John Balliol as King of Scotland in 1292.[10]
In 1293, almost certainly as a result of the significant English influence upon John's fledgling regime,[11] Aufrica appealed to John and Edward, concerning rights she claimed to Mann as an alleged heiress of Magnús.[12] Later in 1304, Aufrica quitclaimed these claimed rights to Simon de Montagu.[13] Although it is possible that she and Simon were married at about this point,[14] there is no specific evidence of such a union.[15] In any case, Simon later sought to seize control of the island, and in so doing incurred the wrath of Edward II, King of England,[16] who pardoned Simon for his actions against the island in 1313.[17] Later in the century, Simon's grandson, William de Montagu, Earl of Salisbury, inherited Simon's rights to Mann.[18][note 2] Aufrica was not the only contemporary claimant to Mann. In 1305, the claims of a Maria, daughter of Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles, were pursued by her grandson, John Waldeboef.[23]
Although John de Courcy is not known to have had any legitimate children,[24] Aufrica's claim to Mann could indicate that she was a granddaughter of John and his wife, Affrica, daughter of Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of Dublin and the Isles.[25] If so, Aufrica would have probably been named after her grandmother, who was in turn probably named after her own grandmother, Affraic, daughter of Fergus, Lord of Galloway.[26]
Notes
- The coat of arms seems to have been first associated with Mann after the Scots took possession of the island in the last half of the thirteenth century. The adoption of a new heraldic device—the triskeles—may have been used as a means of reinforcing the new regime on the island.[7]
- In 1333, Edward II quitclaimed the Plantagenets' rights to the island to William.[19] Aufrica appears in the two existing versions of the Salisbury Roll of Arms.[20] The earliest of these versions dates to the mid fifteenth century. Although this source is admittedly late, it reveals how contemporary members of the Montagu family perceived themselves.[21] Instead tracing the ultimate origins of the family, the roll starts with Simon as Aufrica's heir.[22]
Citations
- The Thirty-Fourth Annual Report (1873) p. 24; Petitioners: Aufrike de Connoght Connaught (n.d.).
- Prestwich (2004); Wagner (1960); Cokayne; Doubleday; Howard de Walden (1936).
- Duffy (1991).
- Duffy (1993).
- Thornton (1998).
- Dryburgh; Smith (2006).
- Wilson (2000).
- Reid (2011); McDonald (2007) pp. 53, 222.
- Reid (2011); McDonald (2007) p. 222.
- Prestwich (2008); Stell (2005).
- Barrow (1988) p. 58.
- Brown (2004) p. 259; Sellar (1997–1998); Duffy (1993) pp. 165–166; Barrow (1988) p. 58; Wagner (1960) p. 72; Munch; Goss (1874) p. 233; Oliver (1861) pp. 127–130; Rotuli Scotiæ in Turri Londinensi (1814) p. 18.
- Dryburgh; Smith (2006) pp. 56–57; Prestwich (2004); Duffy (1993) p. 166; Duffy (1991) p. 305; Wagner (1960) p. 72; Cokayne; Doubleday; Howard de Walden (1936) p. 79, 79 n. e; Oliver (1861) pp. 137–138; Sacheverell; Brown; Cumming (1859) pp. 58–59.
- Prestwich (2004); Duffy (1993) p. 166.
- Wagner (1960) p. 72 n. 1; Cokayne; Doubleday; Howard de Walden (1936) p. 80 n. d.
- Prestwich (2004); Duffy (1993) p. 190; Duffy (1991) p. 305; Calendar of Chancery Warrants (1927) p. 379; Bain (1887) p. 60 § 307.
- Prestwich (2004); Cokayne; Doubleday; Howard de Walden (1936) p. 79 n. e.
- Ormrod (2004).
- Thornton (1998) p. 5; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1893) p. 464; Oliver (1861) pp. 135–136.
- Woodcock; Flower; Chalmers et al. (2014) p. 198; Hicks (1998) pp. 9–10.
- Hicks (1998) pp. 9–10.
- Hicks (2008) p. 195; Hicks (1998) pp. 10, 229.
- McDonald (2016) p. 339; Sellar (1997–1998); Wagner (1960) p. 72; Oliver (1861) pp. 135–136.
- Duffy (2005); Duffy (2004); Duffy (1995) p. 13 n. 64; McIntire (1941) p. 172.
- McIntire (1941) p. 172; Munch; Goss (1874) p. 233.
- Munch; Goss (1874) p. 233.
References
Primary sources
- Bain, J, ed. (1887). Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: H. M. General Register House.
- Calendar of Chancery Warrants, A.D. 1244–1326. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1927. hdl:2027/mdp.39015066345177.
- Calendar of the Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office: Edward III, A.D. 1330–1334. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1893.
- Dryburgh, P; Smith, B (2006). "Calendar of Documents Relating to Medieval Ireland in the Series of Ancient Deeds in the National Archives of the United Kingdom". Analecta Hibernica (39): 3–61. ISSN 0791-6167. JSTOR 20519915.
- Oliver, JR, ed. (1861). Monumenta de Insula Manniæ; or, A Collection of National Documents Relating to the Isle of Man. Vol. 2. Douglas, IM: Manx Society.
- "Petitioners: Aufrike de Connoght Connaught. Name(s): de Connoght Connaught,..." The National Archives. n.d. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- Rotuli Scotiæ in Turri Londinensi. Vol. 1. His Majesty King George III. 1814.
- Sacheverell, W; Brown, T (1859). Cumming, JG (ed.). An Account of the Isle of Man, its Inhabitants, Language, Soil, Remarkable Curiosities, the Succession of its Kings and Bishops, Down to the Eighteenth Century: By Way of Essay. Douglas, IM: Manx Society.
- The Thirty-Fourth Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records. London: George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode. 1873. OL 25917286M.
Secondary sources
- Barrow, GWS (1988) [1965]. Robert Bruce & the Community of the Realm of Scotland (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-539-4.
- Brown, M (2004). The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1237-8.
- Cokayne, GE; Doubleday, HA; Howard de Walden, eds. (1936). The Complete Peerage. Vol. 9. London: The St Catherine Press.
- Duffy, S (1991). "The 'Continuation' of Nicholas Trevet: A New Source for the Bruce Invasion". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 91C: 303–315. eISSN 2009-0048. ISSN 0035-8991. JSTOR 25516086.
- Duffy, S (1993). Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014–1318 (PhD thesis). Trinity College, Dublin. hdl:2262/77137.
- Duffy, S (1995). "The First Ulster Plantation: John de Courcy and the Men of Cumbria". In Berry, T; Frame, R; Simms, K (eds.). Colony and Frontier in Medieval Ireland: Essays Presented to J.F. Lydon. London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 1–29. ISBN 1-85285-122-8.
- Duffy, S (2004). "Courcy, John de (d. 1219?)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50616. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Duffy, S (2005). "Courcy, John de". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 108–1109. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
- Hicks, M (1998). Warwick the Kingmaker. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-16259-3.
- Hicks, M (2008). "Heir and Non-Heirs. Perception and Realities Amongst the English Nobility, c. 1300–1500". In Lachaud, F; Penman, M (eds.). Making and Breaking the Rules: Succession in Medieval Europe, c. 1000–c.1600. Histoires de Famille. La Parenté au Moyen Âge. Vol. 9. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. pp. 191–200. doi:10.1484/M.HIFA-EB.3.639. eISSN 2294-8465. ISBN 978-2-503-52743-7. ISSN 1782-6136.
- McDonald, RA (2007). Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2.
- McDonald, RA (2016). "Sea Kings, Maritime Kingdoms and the Tides of Change: Man and the Isles and Medieval European Change, AD c1100–1265". In Barrett, JH; Gibbon, SJ (eds.). Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 333–349. doi:10.4324/9781315630755. ISBN 978-1-315-63075-5. ISSN 0583-9106.
- McIntire, WT (1941). "A Note on Grey Abbey and Other Religious Foundations on Strangford Lough Affiliated to the Abbeys of Cumberland" (PDF). Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæological Society. 41: 161–173. doi:10.5284/1032950.
- Munch, PA; Goss, A, eds. (1874). Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: Manx Society.
- Ormrod, WM (2004). "Montagu, William, First earl of Salisbury (1301–1344)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19001. Retrieved 10 September 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Prestwich, M (2004). "Montagu, Simon de, First Lord Montagu (1259?–1316)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18997. Retrieved 8 September 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Prestwich, M (2008). "Edward I (1239–1307)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (January 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8517. Retrieved 15 September 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Reid, NH (2011). "Alexander III (1241–1286)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (May 2011 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/323. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Sellar, WDH (1997–1998). "The Ancestry of the MacLeods Reconsidered". Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness. 60: 233–258.
- Stell, GP (2005). "John [John de Balliol] (c.1248x50–1314)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (October 2005 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1209. Retrieved 6 September 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Thornton, T (1998). "Scotland and the Isle of Man, c.1400–1625: Noble Power and Royal Presumption in the Northern Irish Sea Province". Scottish Historical Review. 77 (1): 1–30. doi:10.3366/shr.1998.77.1.1. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241. JSTOR 25530803.
- Wagner, AR (1960). English Genealogy. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- Wilson, RJA (2000). "On the Trail of the Triskeles: From the McDonald Institute to Archaic Greek Sicily". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 10 (1): 35–61. doi:10.1017/S0959774300000020.
- Society Of Antiquaries Of London (2014). Woodcock, T; Flower, S; Chalmers, T; Grant, J (eds.). Dictionary of British Arms: Medieval Ordinary. Vol. 4. London: Society of Antiquaries of London. doi:10.5284/1049652. ISBN 978-0-85431-297-9.