Bambang Soegeng

During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Soegeng joined the Japanese-founded Defenders of the Homeland (PETA), where he was part of the 2nd battalion, based in Magelang, as a company commander. In this battalion, several later notable personnel who served under him include Ahmad Yani and Sarwo Edhie Wibowo. He was promoted to battalion commander and reassigned to Gombong.[1][3]

Following the surrender of Japan, Soegeng moved to Temanggung where he formed a regiment for the People's Security Agency (BKR) for the Temanggung and Wonosobo area, which was organized under Sudirman's fifth division.[4][2] He was appointed a lieutenant colonel, and he managed to disarm the Japanese garrison without significant incident and took the Japanese soldiers as prisoners of war with little issue.[4] He undertook a guerilla campaign in Central Java and West Java, and led operations against criminal militia groups.[5]

Soegeng assisted Gatot Soebroto in maintaining order in Surakarta during a period of disturbance in 1948,[6] and by the time of the Madiun Affair, Soegeng was the military governor of the Yogyakarta-Kedu-Wonosobo region.[7] Following a "rationalization" of the army in 1948, he was made a colonel and he was appointed a divisional commander. He was the superior officer of Suharto at the time, and Soegeng gave approval to the General Offensive of 1 March 1949, which resulted in a significant Indonesian political victory.[5]

Soegeng in 1952

After the revolution concluded, Soegeng became the military commander for Kodam V/Brawijaya which covered East Java,[8] between June 1950 and October 1952.[9] During the 17 October affair in 1952, Soegeng was on sick leave, and a power struggle occurred between his subordinates which resulted in the temporary acting commander, Lt. Col. Suwondho, being arrested and dismissed.[10] Soegeng, who was at the time still inactive yet considered a politically moderate and competent officer, was appointed acting Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army on 15 December 1952 replacing Abdul Haris Nasution.[11] Due to his illness during the coup attempt, he was seen as uninvolved in the incident, and he was considered as an acceptable compromise replacement for Nasution.[12] He was a Major General at the time of his appointment.[8]

The early weeks of his tenure saw a clash with the politicians in Jakarta, when he attempted to appoint Joop Warouw as the regional commander for East Indonesia. This decision, upheld by the Wilopo Cabinet, caused the resignation of its Defence Minister Hamengkubuwono IX.[11] The Cabinet then reversed its stance in order to prevent further ministerial resignations and attempted to appoint another officer, Col. Sadikin, but this was countered by Soegeng also threatening to resign. Soegeng's resignation was rejected, and Sadikin did not indicate readiness for this appointment, resulting in Warouw maintaining his post without immediate further resignations.[11] Soegeng was considered a sympathizer of the Indonesian National Party.[13][14] Even with Soegeng's appointment, the East Java division was still dissatisfied, and in one occasion when Soegeng accompanied Wilopo on a trip to the Kodam's headquarters, they were greeted by tanks instead of the leaders and an empty headquarter office.[15]

Soegeng once again threatened to resign in December 1953, when the Defense Minister at the time, Iwa Kusumasumantri, made several controversial appointments to the Army General Staff. Several of the territorial commanders responded to Soegeng's threat by demanding Iwa's resignation, but they were eventually convinced to back down and Soegeng withdrew his resignation once more, accepting the new appointees.[16] Apart from these issues, Soegeng's time as Chief of Staff also saw the initiation of the numerical registration of army soldiers, and Soegeng himself was registered with the code 10001.[8]

In February 1955, Soegeng attended a large conference of Army leaders and signed off the "Yogyakarta Charter", which called for unity in the Army in response to the split following the 17 October affair.[8][17] Shortly afterwards, however, Soegeng submitted his third resignation on 2 May, which was accepted after nine days.[17] Soegeng had felt that he was unable to implement the resolutions in the charter,[17] furthered by the lack of government response to the demands.[18]

Between 15 August 1956 and 1959, Soegeng was assigned as the Indonesian Ambassador to the Holy See.[19] He then became the Ambassador to Japan starting in October 1960.[14] During his time in Japan, Soegeng negotiated war reparations to Indonesia for the Japanese occupation,[8] and later successfully persuaded the Japanese government to not allow the Dutch aircraft carrier HNLMS Karel Doorman to stop over in Yokohama, and lobbied for the Japanese to take Indonesia's side in the Western New Guinea dispute.[8][20] After his tenure in Japan, Soegeng later became ambassador to Brazil until 1965.[8]