Bamana Empire
The Bamana Empire (also Bambara Empire or Ségou Empire, Bambara: ߓߊ߲ߓߊߙߊ߲߫ ߝߊ߯ߡߟߊ, romanized: Banbaran Fāmala) was one of the largest states of West Africa in the 18th century.[1]: 408 Along with Kaarta it was one of the most important successors of the Songhai Empire. Based on an earlier kingdom established in 1640, it grew into a powerful empire in the early 18th century under Bitòn Coulibaly. The empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 until the 1861 invasion by the Toucouleur conqueror El Hadj Umar Tall.
Bamana Empire Segou | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1712–1861 | |||||||||
 Some of the cities in Mali which were under the control of the Bamana Empire. | |||||||||
| Capital | Ségou | ||||||||
| Common languages | Bambara | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Faama | |||||||||
• 1712-1755 | Mamary Coulibaly | ||||||||
• 1766-1790 | Ngolo Diarra | ||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||
• Kaladian establishes dynasty | c.1640 | ||||||||
• Mamari (Biton) Coulibaly takes power | 1712 | ||||||||
• Ngolo Diarra takes power | 1766 | ||||||||
• Conquest by the Toucouleur Empire | 1861 | ||||||||
| Currency | cowries, mithqal | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Mali | ||||||||
History
The Bitonsi
Around 1640, Kaladian Coulibaly, also known as Fa Sine, became the leader of a small Bambara kingdom in the city of Ségou in Mali. Though he made many successful conquests of neighboring tribes and kingdoms, he failed to set up a significant administrative framework, and the new empire disintegrated following his death (c. 1660).
In 1712 Mamari Kulubali, as known as Biton Coulibaly, Kaladian's great-grandson, was elected the leader of a youth organization known as a tòn. Mamari soon reorganized the tòn as a personal army supplemented with runaway slaves, assumed the title of bitòn, and set about overthrowing the traditional political order.[1]: 412 He became the first Faama of Ségou, making it the capital of a new Bamana Empire.
Fortifying the capital with Songhai techniques, Bitòn Kulubali built a large army of conscripts known as the ton djon and a navy of war canoes to patrol the Niger.[2] He introduced a novel system of taxation using the cowrie shell as currency.[1]: 324 His successful defeat of an invasion from the Kong Empire in 1725 cemented his position.[3]: 333 He then proceeded to launch successful assaults against his neighbors, the Fulani, the Soninke, and the Mossi, conquering Macina, Beledougou, Djenne, Bamako and Tomboctou, though he held the latter city only briefly. In 1751 he also conquered Niani, making the Mansa of the rump-state Mali Empire a vassal.[3]: 333 During this time he founded the city of Bla as an outpost and armory.
Mamari's death in 1755 inaugurated an era of instability and civil war.[4] Dinkoro Coulibaly reigned for a few years before being overthrown by his brother Ali. A devout muslim, he attempted to convert the empire and was soon deposed himself.[1]: 412
The Ngolosi
In 1766, a former slave and leader of the ton djon named Ngolo Diarra seized the throne and re-established stability, reigning for nearly forty years of prosperity. He began a series of successful conquests, including that of Timbuktu and the Macina region.[2] The Ngolosi, his descendants, would continue to rule the Empire until its fall.
Ngolo's son Mansong Diarra took the throne c.1790 following his father's death in battle and a short succession dispute.[2][5] During this period the Faama ruled from a massive palace in Segou and commanded a well-organized cavalry army, often used for raising tribute and taxes in the form of cowries. The capital, Segou, was a prosperous city of around 30,000 inhabitants straddling both banks of the Niger river.[1]: 324, 410 After Mansong's death in 1808, the empire's power progressively declined.[2]
Jihad and fall
At the Battle of Noukouma in 1818, Bambara forces met and were defeated by Fula Muslim fighters rallied by the jihad of Cheikou Amadu (or Seku Amadu) of Massina. The Bamana Empire survived but was irreversibly weakened. Seku Amadu's forces decisively defeated the Bambara, taking Djenné and much of the territory around Mopti and forming into a Massina Empire. Timbuktu would fall as well in 1845.
The end of the weakened empire came at the hands of El Hadj Umar Tall, a Toucouleur conqueror who swept across West Africa from Dinguiraye. Umar Tall's mujahideen readily defeated the Bambara, seizing Ségou itself on March 10, 1861, and declaring an end to the Bamana Empire (which effectively became part of the Toucouleur Empire).[2]
Coulibaly dynasty, the Bitonsi
Kaladian : 1652-1672. A mercenary warlord originally from Kong; overthrew the Koita dynasty of Segou.
Danfassari : 1672-1697, established the capital at Segou-Koro
Souma: 1697-1712
Mamari (Biton) Coulibaly: 1712-1755
Dinkoro Coulibaly: 1755-1757, assassinated by the ton djon
Ali Coulibaly : 1757-1757. Muslim, deposed by the ton djon
Tondjon interregnum
Ton-Mansa Dembelé : 1757-1760
Kaniouba Niouma Barry: 1760-1763
Kafa Dyougou: 1763-1766 ruled from Gassin.
Ngolossi
Ngolo Diarra: 1766-1787
Mansong Diarra : 1788-1808. Defeated his brother Nianankoro to take the throne. His sons would rule the empire until its end.
Da Diarra : 1808-1827. Son of Mansong, lost control of Macina
Tiéfolo Diarra : 1827-1839
Nianemba Diarra: 1839-1841
Kirango-Ba Diarra : 1841-1849
Nalouma Kouma Diarra : 1849-1851
Massala Demba Diarra : 1851-1854
Torokoro Mari Diarra: 1854-1859. A Muslim friendly with El Hadj Umar Tall, he was deposed and executed.
Ali Diarra : 1859-1861. Defeated and driven out of Segou by Umar Tall.[5][6]
Government
The Bamana Empire was structured around traditional Bambara institutions. The most important of these was the ton, or age-group. They were in theory completely egalitarian and elected their own leaders. Through charisma and ruthless power politics, however, Biton converted this into essentially an army made up of forobadjon (nominally, slaves of the community) led by tondjons, or slaves of the ton but who were in practice a military aristocracy. Any faama strong enough to control the tondjons was in effect an absolute monarch, doling out state property as rewards for bravery. A 40-man council of state swore allegiance and obedience to him and served as a rubber stamp. Relatives were given key posts, and the faama was the head priest of powerful and important religious cults.[3]: 334–6 The army was a place where ethnic and class distinctions mattered little, and capable people could rise and make their fortunes.[3]: 337 Another traditional institution was the kòmò, a body to resolve theological concerns. The kòmò often consulted religious sculptures in their decisions, particularly the four state boliw, large altars designed to aid the acquisition of political power.
Administratively, the core of the state was in the too-daga, the area closest to Segou. The ruler's designated successor held lots of power there. Most other provinces were governed by local elites who pledged loyalty to the faama or appointed governors.[3]: 337 The royal symbols were a bow and arrows, and a golden axe.[3]: 333
Economy
The economy of the Bamana Empire flourished through trade, especially that of the slaves captured in their many wars. One category of slave, the jonfin, could be sold; another, the jonba were put to work by the state either as laborers or as soldiers in the ton djon. The demand for slaves then led to further fighting, leaving the Bambara in a perpetual state of war with their neighbors, and slaves from the area formed the majority of those sold to European traders at the Senegal and Gambia river trading posts.[1]: 414
Trade was conducted largely by Muslim maraka merchants who traded across the Sahara or towards the coast. They exchanged guns, shell money, horses, salt, gold, cloth, and slaves.[1]: 415
Mungo Park, passing through the Bambara capital of Ségou in 1797 recorded a testament to the Empire's prosperity:
The view of this extensive city, the numerous canoes on the river, the crowded population, and the cultivated state of the surrounding countryside, formed altogether a prospect of civilization and magnificence that I little expected to find in the bosom of Africa.[7][8]
See also
- Bambara language: a Mande language, spoken by 6 million people in Mali.
- Bambara people: an ethnic group who represent 40% of Mali's population.
- Kaarta, another Bambara kingdom of the same epoch
References
- Green, Toby (2020). A Fistful of Shells. UK: Penguin Books.
- Page, Willie F. (2005). Davis, R. Hunt (ed.). Encyclopedia of African History and Culture. Vol. III (Illustrated, revised ed.). Facts On File. p. 238-9.
- Izard, M.; Ki-Zerbo, Joseph (1992). "From the Niger to the Volta". In Ogot, B. A. (ed.). General History of Africa vol. V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- YATTARA, Elmouloud; DIALLO, Boubacar Séga. "Une histoire du Mali: Le Mali précolonial". Histoire de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Archived from the original on 26 March 2005. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- Tauxier, Louis (1930). "Chronologie des rois bambaras". Outre-Mer: 9.
- Dumestre, Gerard (1979). La geste de Segou racontee par des griots bambara. Paris: Armand Colin. p. 404.
- Park, Mungo (1799). Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed Under the Direction and Patronage of the African Association, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797. London: W. Bulmer and Company. p. 196.
- Quoted in Davidson, Basil (1995). Africa in History. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 245. ISBN 0-684-82667-4.
Further reading
- Djata, Sundiata A. K. (1997). The Bamana Empire by the Niger: Kingdom, Jihad and Colonization 1712–1920. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener. ISBN 1-55876-131-4.
- Condé, Maryse (1996). Segu. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-025949-X.
- Roberts, Richard L. (1987). Warriors, merchants and slaves: the state and the economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700-1914. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1378-2.