Warekena language

Warekena
Warekena
Baniwa of Maroa; Baniwa of Guainía
Guarequena
Native to	Brazil, Venezuela
Native speakers	650 (2001–2006)[1]; ca. 200 (1999)[2]
Language family	Arawakan Northern Upper Amazon Orinoco Warekena; ; ; ;
Dialects	Warekena do rio Xié;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	gae
Glottolog	guar1293
ELP	Guarequena

Warekena (Guarequena), or more precisely Warekena of Xié, is an Arawakan language of Brazil and of Maroa Municipality in Venezuela, spoken near the Guainia River. It is one of several languages which go by the generic name Baré and Baniwa/Baniva – in this case, distinguished as Baniva de Maroa or Baniva de Guainía.

There may be 10 speakers in Brazil and 200 in Venezuela, per Aikhenvald (1999).

Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian, Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.

Personal pronouns in Warekena are formed by adding an emphatic suffix -ya to the cross-referencing personal prefixes.[3]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
		Labial	Dental	cen.	lat.	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n
Stop/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	ts				k
Stop/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	dz				ɡ
Fricative	voiceless					ʂ
Fricative	voiced					ʐ
Rhotic	tap			ɾ	ɺ
Rhotic	trill			r
Approximant		w					j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e
Low		a

/u/ can also range to [o].[4]

Grammar

Unmarked constituent order is AVO, VS_o, S_aV, or S_ioV.[3]

AVO:

wa-hã

then-PAUS

waʃi

jaguar

yutʃia-hã

kill-PAUS

ema

tapir

"Then the jaguar killed the tapir" Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

VS_o:

ʃupe-hẽ

many-PAUS

ʃiani-pe

child-PL

"Children are many" Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

S_aV:

peya

one

nu-yaɺitua

1sg-brother

wiyua

die

"One of my brothers dies"

S_ioV:

nu-yue

1sg-for

mawali

hungry

"I am hungry"

Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.

References

Warekena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Aikhenvald (1999) The Arawak language family.
Aikenvald, Alexandra Y. 1988. "Warekena". In Desmond C. Derbyshire & Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, iv. 225–439. Berlin: Moutin de Gruyter. Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 25
Socorro Sánchez, Marlene (2005). Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva. Maracaibo: Universidad de los Andes.

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[e18-1] Warekena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Aikhenvald (1999) The Arawak language family.

[:0-3] Aikenvald, Alexandra Y. 1988. "Warekena". In Desmond C. Derbyshire & Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, iv. 225–439. Berlin: Moutin de Gruyter. Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 25

[4] Socorro Sánchez, Marlene (2005). Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva. Maracaibo: Universidad de los Andes.