Battle of Monastir

The Battle of Monastir[4] took place near the town of Bitola, Macedonia[5] (then known as Monastir) during the First Balkan War, between Serbian and Ottoman forces from 16 to 19 November 1912. It resulted in a Serbian victory after heavy fighting north of the city, the routed Turks fled abandoning their guns.[6]

Not to be confused with Monastir Offensive.

Battle of Monastir
Part of First Balkan War

Map of the battle
Date16–19 November 1912
Location
Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
(present day: Near Bitola, North Macedonia)
41.032799°N 21.34029°E / 41.032799; 21.34029
Result Serbian victory[1]
Belligerents
 Kingdom of Serbia  Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Petar Bojović Zeki Pasha
Fethi Pasha †
Djavid Pasha
Kara Said Pasha
Strength
108,544[2] 38,350[2]
Casualties and losses
539 killed
2121 wounded[2]		 3,000 killed and wounded
5,600 captured
5,000 deserted[3]

Battle

As an ongoing part of the Balkan Wars, the Ottoman Vardar Army retreated from the defeat at Kumanovo and regrouped around Bitola. The Serbs seized Skopje then sent forces to help their Bulgarian ally besiege Adrianople.[6] The Serbian 1st Army, advancing south on Monastir (modern Bitola), encountered heavy Ottoman artillery fire and had to wait for its own artillery to arrive. According to French Captain G. Bellenger, writing in Notes on the Employment of Artillery in the Balkan Campaign, unlike the Ottomans, Serbian field artillery was very mobile, at some point the Serbian Morava Division dragged four long-range artillery pieces up a mountain, then each night hauled the guns closer to the Turkish forces to better support the infantry.[7]

On 18 November, following the destruction of the Ottoman artillery by Serbian artillery, the Serbian right flank pushed through the Vardar Army. The Serbs then entered Bitola on 19 November. With the conquest of Bitola the Serbs controlled southwestern Macedonia, including the symbolically important town of Ohrid.[8]

Aftermath
Serbian military cemetery in Bitola.

After the battle of Monastir, the five-century-long Ottoman rule of Macedonia was over. The Serbian 1st Army continued fighting in the First Balkan War. At this point some officers wanted the 1st Army to continue its advance down the valley of the Vardar to Thessaloniki. Vojvoda Putnik refused. The threat of war with Austria-Hungary loomed over the issue of a Serbian presence on the Adriatic. In addition, with the Bulgarians and Greeks already in Thessaloniki, the appearance of Serbian forces there would only muddle an already complicated situation.[8]

References
  1. Phillips (2004), p. 29.
  2. Hall (2000), p. 51.
  3. Jowett (2011), p. 6.
  4. Dupuy and Dupuy (1993), p. 1016.
  5. Hall (2000), pp. 50–51.
  6. Jaques & Showalter 2007, p. 674.
  7. Marble 2016, p. 222.
  8. Hall (2000), pp. 45–68.

Sources
  • Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History (4 ed.). HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Hall, Richard C. (2000). The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913. Routledge.
  • Jaques, T.; Showalter, D.E. (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33538-9.
  • Jowett, Philip (2011). Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912–13: The Priming Charge for the Great War. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-528-4.
  • Marble, S. (2016). King of Battle: Artillery in World War I. History of Warfare. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30728-5.
  • Phillips, John (2004). Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300102680.
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