Battle of Echmiadzin (1804)
The Battle of Echmiadzin took place in June 1804, during the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813. A Russian force of 5,000 men under Pavel Tsitsianov advanced on Erivan. An Iranian army of 20,000 under Crown-Prince Abbas Mirza met him at Echmiadzin. Cutting off the Russian's supplies the Iranians successfully defended the town and forced the Russians to withdraw. Though the Russians were unable to capture Echmiadzin, the outcome of the battle itself has been variously described as inconclusive,[2][3] an Iranian victory,[4][5] or a Russian victory.[6]
| Battle of Echmiadzin | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 | |||||
.jpg.webp) Russian plan illustrating Tsitsianov's report of the battle at Echmiadzin | |||||
| |||||
| Belligerents | |||||
 Russian Empire |
 Qajar Iran | ||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||
| Pavel Tsitsianov |
Abbas Mirza Fath-Ali Shah Qajar | ||||
| Strength | |||||
| 5,000[1] | 20,000[1] | ||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||
Background
In 1801, capitalizing on political turmoil in Iran, the Russians annexed Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia), a region which had been part of Iran for centuries.[7][8] In 1802, Pavel Tsitsianov was appointed as the new Russian commander-in-chief in the Caucasus. A die-hard Russian imperialist and expansionist, he had little respect for either the inhabitants of the Caucasus or the Iranians. In January 1804, he invaded Iran, besieging the Iranian city of Ganja. After a month he captured and ruthlessly sacked it; up to 3,000 Iranians were massacred in three days of pillage.[9][10] This initiated the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813.[9]
Battle
After the capture of Ganja, Tsitsianov proceeded to Erivan.[9] At Echmiadzin, near Erivan, his army clashed with that of Crown-Prince and Commander-in-Chief Abbas Mirza and the Shah himself; a three-day battle followed.[11][12]
The Russian artillery inflicted considerable casualties on the Iranian army, which at the time had not yet been modeled on modern lines. In their own way the Iranians proved to be effective;[11] surrounding the Russians and preventing them from receiving supplies.[12] This forced Tsitsianov to withdraw, and he was thus unable to take Echmiadzin.[11] This was a tactical defensive success for the Iranians.[12] However, in line with the traditional Iranian concept of warfare, they allowed the Russians to escape, instead of making full use of the advantage they had gained.[11][9]
Aftermath
A few days after the battle, the Russians returned to Echmiadzin, where they caught a different Iranian force by surprise and decisively defeated them. Tsitsianov's forces entered Echmiadzin, which, according to Auguste Bontems-Lefort, a contemporary French military envoy to Iran, they looted, seriously damaging the Armenian religious buildings.[12] According to Bontems-Lefort, the Russian behaviour contrasted with that of the Iranian king, who treated the local Christian population with respect.[12] Tsitsianov then marched on Erivan once again.[11] The Iranians who had survived the surprise attack regrouped and were able to participate in the ensuing defense of Erivan.[11]
Notes
- Vagharshapat is still commonly referred to as Echmiadzin / Ejmiatsin / Etchmiadzin.
References
- Tucker 2010, p. 1036.
- Atkin 1980, p. 76. "After some battles around the monastery of Echmiadzin in which there was no clear victory for either side, both armies turned their attention to Yerevan City (...)"
- Cronin 2013 "After an inconclusive encounter at Uch Kelisa (Echmiadzin), the Russians laid siege to Iravan accompanied by heavy bombardment (...)"
- Tucker 2010. "The able Abbas Mirza with 20,000 men forces the Russian army of 5,000 men led by General Paul Tsitsianov (Sisianoff) to withdraw. The Persian army then disbands for the winter."
- Atkin 1980, p. 120 "His first objective was the Armenian religious center at Echmiadzin, where he encountered Abbas's army of 18,000. While the Russian artillery inflicted heavy damage, the Iranians showed that they were effective soldiers in their own way. The battle was an Iranian victory in that the Russians failed to take the monastery and had to withdraw."
- Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia (Vol. 1). ABC-CLIO. p. 764. ISBN 978-1598843378.
(...) while Tsitsianov scored a victory over Iran's Crown Prince Abbas Mirza not far from the Echmiadzin Monastery (near Erivan) on (...)
- Suny 1994, p. 59.
- Kazemzadeh 1991, p. 330.
- Tucker 2010, p. 1035.
- Cronin 2013, p. 55.
- Atkin 1980, p. 120.
- Cronin 2013, p. 56.
Sources
- Atkin, Muriel (1980). Russia and Iran, 1780–1828. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816609246.
- Cronin, Stephanie, ed. (2013). Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions since 1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415624336.
- Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1991). "Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521200950.
- Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253209153.
- Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). "Overview of 1800-1850: Chronology". A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol. Three: 1775-1860. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851096725.
Further reading
- Axworthy, Michael (2010). A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. Basic Books. pp. 1–352. ISBN 978-0465019205.
- Kettenhofen, Erich; Bournoutian, George A.; Hewsen, Robert H. (1998). "EREVAN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5. pp. 542–551.